Stops

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Stops

• Stops include / p, b, t, d, k, g/ (and glottal
  stop)
• Stops may be described in terms of
• Manner of articulation
• Place of articulation
• Voicing

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Manner

• All stops have same manner of articulation
• Sudden burst of air or sudden stop in the burst
  of air.
• All have an aperiodic sound source
• All produced from mouth (as opposed to nares)
• Rapid changes in articulators result in rapid
  change in acoustic resonance.

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Place

• Place of articulation refers to where the major
  constriction occurs.
• Bilabial /p, b/
• Alveolar (lingua-alveolar) /t, d/
• Palatal (lingua-palatal) /k, g/
• Note may be velar depending upon vowel context.
• Glottal

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Place
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Spectrograms of Stops
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Voicing

• /p, b, k/ are unvoiced
• Contain only an aperiodic component
• /b, d, g/ are voiced
• Contain both periodic and aperiodic component

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Fricatives

• Fricatives include
• Similar to stops
• Both contain an aperiodic noise source
• Both have a place of maximum constriction
• Both may be voiced or unvoiced
• Different than stops
• Manner of articulation fricatives involve only
  a partial constriction of vocal tract.
  Fricatives are sometime referred to a continuants.

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Place and voicing
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Place and voicing
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Affricates

• Combination of a stop and fricative .

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Sound Influence

• Adaptation
• Assimilation
• Coarticulation

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Adaptation

• Variations in articulators as they move from one
  articulator to another resulting in different
  allophones.
• E.g., key vs. coo . /ki/ vs. /ku/ or pea vs.
  pooh . /pi/ vs. /pu/
• In both instances the production of the stop has
  been altered due to vowel context.

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Assimilation

• Extreme form of adaptation where production of
  phoneme is changed due to context.
• E.g., the word think

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Coarticulation

• Two articulators moving at the same time for
  different phonemes.
• E.g., /tu/. Lips are protruded in anticipation
  of /u/
• During running speech coarticulation (along with
  adaptation and assimilation) occur constantly.

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Suprasegmentals

• Sometimes referred to as prosody.
• Provide examples
• Give speech its color, expression and sbutle
  meaning
• Suprasegmentals include
• Stress
• Intonation
• Duration and juncture

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Stress

• Increase in
• Effort
• Intensity
• Pitch
• Duration
• Formant pattern

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Stress (continued)

• Acoustic events
• Increase in fo
• Formants not affected by adaptation
• Higher muscle activity (e.g., emg)
• Vowels have longer duration and are of greater
  intensity due to increase in subglottal air
  pressure.

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Intonation

• Change in fundamental frequency.

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Intonation (continued)

• Changing intonation can change meaning may
  signal attitude and feelings.
• Rising inflection can signal difference between
  statement and question.
• Flat intonation sometimes implies seriousness
• Can denote sarcasm
• May indicate excitement, etc.

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Intonation (continued)
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Duration and Junction

• Duration
• Usually involves changing length of vowel.
• May be volitional or involuntary
• Vowel before a voiced phoneme is longer than what
  occurs before an unvoiced consonant. E.g., wet
  vs. wed
• Juncture
• Combination of changes in stress and duration can
  cause change in meaning.
• E.g., a name vs. an aim, Contest can mean either
  games, or a challenge depending upon context.

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Summary