Chapter 12: The Renaissance (Part II)

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Chapter 12 The Renaissance (Part II)

• 7. HUMANISM
• A. a philosophy that emphasized the dignity and
  worth of the individual, originated in the study
  of classical culture, by the study of humanities
  grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, ethics, for
  an overall development of every individual
• B. humanists were townspeople not associated with
  the church, flexible and open to all the
  possibilities of life

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New Educational Goals One of the major
influences of humanism during the Renaissance was
a new focus on education as shown in this
painting of Massimiliano Sforza, the son of the
duke of Milan, attending to his lessons. The
humanities emphasized disciplines such as
history, poetry, and ethics that drew on the
teachings of classical Greece and Rome. Scholars
considered development of the character and the
body just as important as the mind, and young
people were encouraged to open themselves to all
the possibilities of life.
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Saint Thomas Aquinas Education in the 13th
century was shaped profoundly by the work of
Italian philosopher and theologian Saint Thomas
Aquinas. The writings of Aquinas attempted to
reconcile the philosophy of Aristotle with the
ideas of Christian theology. Aquinas employed
both reason and faith in the study of
metaphysics, moral philosophy, and religion.
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7. HUMANISM

• A. Petrarch
• Petrarch believed in the possibility of a
  better future, hoped to better the world by the
  study of classical literature. He admired the
  formal beauty of classical writing and considered
  it a remedy for contemporary ugliness, so he
  collected ancient texts, studied and imitated
  them in his own writings, and then attempted to
  extend their teachings to other people.

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Petrarch, who perfected the sonnet form and is
often regarded as the first modern poet, was also
one of the first humanists. Petrarchs love of
the classics and his belief in the value of human
experience influenced his own writing and
inspired other humanists.
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7. HUMANISM

• B. Development of Humanism
• After Petrarch, humanism spread first in Italy
  then beyond the Alps. Florence became a center
  of humanist learning. Many humanists there became
  fervently patriotic. During the 15th century, a
  steadily increasing number of Italian humanists
  learned Greek, in particular, the Greek
  philosopher Plato who increasingly gained respect
  among the humanists.

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• Plato, one of the most famous philosophers of
  ancient Greece, was the first to use philosophy,
  which means love of knowledge. Born around 428
  bc, Plato investigated a wide range of topics.
  Renaissance humanists like Marcilio Ficino at the
  Florentine Academy hoped to revive interest in
  Platos work as a model for Western thought.

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Renaissance Nobility This depiction of the
nobility holding court is part of a fresco
painted by Italian artist Ambrogio Lorenzetti in
the 14th century.
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7. HUMANISM

• C. Humanism in Northern Europe
• When humanism had taken root in the north of
  Europe, the Reformation had begun to gain
  momentum. As a result, northern humanism is
  generally identified with Christian humanism, a
  movement that attempted to apply scholarly
  techniques of humanism to studying religious
  documents. Christian humanists studied Bible
  directly, ignoring medieval interpretations.

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read in the original Hebrew or Greek text, and he
was among a group of scholars called Christian
humanists.

• Dutch scholar theologian Desiderius Erasmus
  wrote the religious satire called The Praise of
  Folie. He believed that the Bible and other
  Christian works should be

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Luthers protest set off a flood of departures
from the Roman Catholic church and set the stage
for further Protestant movements.

• Martin Luther precipitated the Protestant
  Reformation with the publication of his
  Ninety-Five Theses, which detailed the
  indulgences and excesses of the Roman Catholic.
  He held that Christian essence lay not in an
  elaborate body headed by the pope, but in each
  individuals direct communication with God.

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Money Changer and His Wife as a witty commentary
on greed. In the Renaissance townspeople
challenged the dominance of the church in
everyday life. Humanism reflected some of the
changes in values of the new urban society, but
also focused on ways of improving humanity. The
bankers wife pretends piety by leafing through a
religious book, while stealing a glance at her
husbands gold.
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8. SCIENCE IN THE RENAISSANCE

• A. Renaissance spirit of curiosity, objectivity
  experimentation filled scientific inquiry, focus
  was laid on concrete experience over abstract
  theory, with an attempt to observe the natural
  world carefully and completely, without any
  preconceived ideas
• B. The spirit of curiosity extended to
  exploration and navigation, math and astronomy,
  like the case of Columbus, Da Vinci

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but embodied the spirit of curiosity
experimentation that characterized the
Renaissance approach to science.

• Copernicus
• Polish astronomer revolutionized science when
  he proposed that the Earth and other planets
  revolve about a stationary Sun. He drew
  inspiration from classical sources,

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Renaissance Science During the Renaissance,
Belgian physician Andreas Vesalius experimented
with the dissection of human bodies in order to
learn more about human anatomy. The spirit of
curiosity and experimentation that characterized
the Renaissance created a fertile climate for the
development of science. Advances were made in
many fields including navigation, astronomy,
mathematics and medicine.
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Leonardo da Vinci's Sketches Leonardo da Vinci
recorded thousands of pages of ideas about art,
science, and engineering in notebooks. He wrote
his ideas backward so that they could only be
read in a mirror. About 4,200 pages still exist.
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9. THE ARTS IN THE RENAISSANCE

• A. It brought about sense of change in all
  aspects of life and a favorable atmosphere for
  artistic innovation experimentation
• B. Wealth gathered in towns created demand for
  refinement in arts variety in form content,
  to value the classical heritage as ideas and also
  formal models for artistic changes, and helped
  encourage writers and artists to be devoted to
  their artistic creation fully.

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The School of Athens (1510-1511), one of several
frescoes in the Vatican Palace, depicts ancient
Greek philosophers and scholars, such as Plato
and Aristotle (center)it is considered a
masterpiece in the portrayal of the artistic
ideals of the Renaissance. It also illustrates
the importance of classical studies to literary
and cultural achievements of the era.
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• Alessandro de' Medici
• Florentine artist Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574) won
  the patronage of the powerful Medici family and
  painted portraits of many of its members,
  including Alessandro de' Medici, who became the
  duke of Florence. Such patronage helped the arts
  to flourish during the Renaissance.

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9. THE ARTS IN THE RENAISSANCE

• A. Literature
• Restless curiosity, interest in the world and
  its urban influences created a demand for a
  native literature to express the new life
  individuality with a concern for fame drove
  writers to do experiments to win not only praise
  from critics but also support from patrons.
• The Divine Melody by Dante love sonnets by
  Petrarch as pioneers in European literature

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in front of the mountain of Purgatory, with hell
on his right and heaven on his left.

• Dantes greatest work was the epic poem The
  Divine Comedy, In Section 1, the great poet
  Virgil leads Dante on a trip through hell the
  scene shows Dante standing

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The saltcellar of King Francis I of France was
made by Florentine sculptor Cellini.
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book exposed and satirized Spanish society,
medieval romance, the pastoral novel. It
reveals the essential humanity of its complex,
crazed characters and has influenced many
subsequent works.

• Spanish writer Cervantes changed the face of
  fiction with his early 17th century masterpiece,
  Don Quixote. In the book, a distinguished country
  gentleman becomes a knight after reading too many
  chivalric novels. Intended as a spoof on the
  romantic literature then, the

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• Spenser (lower right), Marlowe (upper right),
  Raleigh (center), Shakespeare (left) created
  their greatest works during the reign of
  Elizabeth I.

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9. THE ARTS IN THE RENAISSANCE

• B. Painting
• Renaissance painters turned from the
  religious subjects of the past to a depiction of
  the natural world. Technical advance in the
  representation of perspective, anatomy, and light
  and shadow were matched by a great expansion in
  subject matter. Everything related to nature,
  daily life, and historic events all joined
  religious subjects as acceptable material for the
  painter.

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Giotto's naturalistic techniques and use of light
and shade influenced later Renaissance painting.

• Saint Francis Fresco Cycle
• In this fresco by Giotto in Church of Santa
  Croce in Florence, Francis receives papal
  confirmation for the rule of Franciscan order.
  Francis, a mystic and preacher, was canonized by
  the Roman Catholic church in 1228, two years
  after his death.

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• Expulsion from Paradise, (-1427-) one of six
  frescoes painted by Masaccio, was influential for
  its realism, especially the simplicity and
  three-dimensionality of the figures, and for the
  dramatic depiction of the plight of Adam and Eve.

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9. THE ARTS IN THE RENAISSANCE

• C. Sculpture
• Renaissance replaced the medieval notions of
  sculpture as crafts only for the decorations of
  churches by that of highly intellectual artistic
  accomplishments, with a merge of science and art
  by using math and geometry to achieve the effect
  of proportion. Renaissance sculpture in the early
  16th century reached its peak mainly with the
  works of Michelangelo.

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volume, depth, and movement, and helped initiate
many of the artistic practices of the
Renaissance.

• The Gates of Paradise are bronze doors created by
  Italian sculptor Ghiberti for the east entrance
  to the baptistery of the Florence Cathedral in
  Italy. This detail, showing Isaac and Esau, is
  from one of the doors' ten panels, each of which
  illustrates a story from the Bible. Ghiberti
  endowed the scenes with

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• David, by Donatello
• Italian sculptor Donatello executed his David,
  the first nude statue of the Renaissance, about
  1430-1435. This nearly life-size bronze image of
  David the biblical hero was also the first statue
  since classical antiquity to be cast in the
  round. Its realism marked a departure from the
  Gothic conventions of sculpture.

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• Michelangelo's David, unlike earlier versions of
  David, in which the hero is depicted as
  triumphant over Goliath, waits for his enemy,
  body centered but tense. This piece is influenced
  by the classical nudes of the Greeks but is more
  emotionally powerful.

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9. THE ARTS IN THE RENAISSANCE

• D. Architecture
• Classical forms and principles represented by
  Roman architecture served as bases for a new
  artistic inspiration a revival of the dome, the
  use of symmetry, and classical features, such as
  arches and columns, and interest in secular
  buildings, like palaces, libraries, theaters are
  important contributions to the development of
  Western architecture.

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Duomo, Florence, Italy Florence, located in north
central Italy, was the site for many
architectural innovations of the Renaissance. The
eight-sided dome of the cathedral known as the
Duomo was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi and
completed in 1436.
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• Michelozzo worked as chief architect for the
  Medici family in Florence. His Medici-Riccardi
  Palace is the example of 15th -century secular
  architecture.

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Villa Barbaro by Paladio The Villa Barbaro in
Maser, Italy, was designed about 1560 by Italian
painter and architect Andrea Palladio. The style
is clearly influenced by classical Roman
architecture, as can be seen in the use of
statuary and the pediment with a frieze above the
facade.
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9. THE ARTS IN THE RENAISSANCE

• E. Music
• A similar interest in experimentation desire
  to meet the needs of the secular world applies to
  the history of music during the Renaissance.
  Attention to the musical tastes of secular world
  also affected sacred music. Not only were the
  technical innovations applied to music for the
  church, but also sacred melodies were used for
  more popular entertainment frequently.

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• Popular Music of the Renaissance
• During the Renaissance, music became a popular
  form of entertainment. Men and women often played
  instruments like the lute and sang madrigals or
  other musical compositions for their own
  amusement.

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10. LEGACY OF THE RENAISSANCE

• A. artistic beauty defining the West
• B. a period of intellectual preparation for
  thinkers and scientists of 1600s
• C. its idea of man ruling nature led to modern
  science and technology
• D. its thinkers use of classical models for
  republicanism human freedom to be adopted by
  American revolution.
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