Exemplification and classification

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Exemplification and classification
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Exemplification

• The action of giving examples
• Commonly used in academic writing
• There are several ways of referring to examples,
  not just the expression for example or e.g.
  (although these are the most common)

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Commonly used abbreviations

• f.e. / e.g. for example
• i.e. that is (to say) in other words
• viz. namely it is/they are
• e.g. There are four language skills, viz.
  listening, speaking, reading and writing.

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What is Language?

• Read the text What is Language (p. 39)
• The definition
• A language is a signalling system which operates
  with symbolic vocal sounds, and which is used by
  a group people for the purposes of communication.

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Finding exemplifiers

• Read the text again and circle all the
  expressions which have the same meaning as for
  example
• Draw a line under all the examples

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• For example, many birds utter warning calls..
• Such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure
• For instance, animals cries are not articulate
• For example, the kind of structure given by the
  contrast between vowels and consonants
• Illustration of this is a soldier who can say
• e.g. tanks approaching from the north
• The great tit is a case in point

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Complete the sentences using illustration, for
example, a case in point, an example, for
instance, such as

• At the approach of danger many birds utter
  warning calls this is _______ of animals
  communicating with each other.
• Cries, ____________ those of anger, fear and
  pleasure, are uttered by apes.
• There are important differences between human
  language and animal communication ___________,
  animals cries are not articulate.
• Animals cries lack, ____________, the kind of
  structure that enables us to divide a human
  utterance into words.
• A good _________ of changing an utterance by
  substituting one word for another is a soldier
  who can say...
• The number of signals that an animal can make is
  very limited the great tit is __________________.
  

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• At the approach of danger many birds utter
  warning calls this is AN EXAMPLE of animals
  communicating with each other.
• Cries, SUCH AS those of anger, fear and
  pleasure, are uttered by apes.
• There are important differences between human
  language and animal communication FOR INSTANCE,
  animals cries are not articulate.
• Animals cries lack, FOR EXAMPLE, the kind of
  structure that enables us to divide a human
  utterance into words.
• A good ILLUSTRATION of changing an utterance by
  substituting one word for another is a soldier
  who can say...
• The number of signals that an animal can make is
  very limited the great tit is A CASE IN POINT.

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Exercise 3

• Read the following carefully (especially the
  part in italics)
• There are now over two thousand different
  languages in the world an examination of them
  shows that many of them belong to a group of
  related languages, and some of these groups are
  very large, constituting what we can call
  language families. An example of such a family is
  the Semitic group of languages. Examples of
  members of the family are Arabic and Hebrew.

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• Write out a sentence or two substituting the
  following
• Germanic e.g. English, German, Dutch, Swedish,
  Danish, Norwegian

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Vocabulary aid

• Alternatives to the word examples cases,
  instances
• Other commonly used verb forms and methods of
  expression
• This is shown/exemplified/illustrated by
• X shows/exemplifies/illustrates this
• Writers such as (such writers as) X and Y

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Classification

• Dividing something into groups, classes or
  categories
• Classification is normally made according to a
  criterion or several criteria (e.g. age, size,
  number...)

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• Read the text State Schools in England and Wales
  (p. 43)
• Complete Exercise 1 below the text

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Answer key

• Schools can be classified according to the
  pupils ages and type of education.
• There are two types of school primary and
  secondary.
• Primary schools can be subdivided into infant and
  junior schools.
• Secondary school pupils may be grouped according
  to their ability.
• The criterion for classifying secondary schools
  is whether or not there is an examination.

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• Exercise 2 (p. 44) put the sentences in the
  correct order

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Answer key

• 1e
• 2b
• 3g
• 4a
• 5f
• 6d
• 7c

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• Write a brief description of the education system
  in your country!

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Pyramid Discussion

• Which purposes of compulsory education are the
  most important?
• Read the list on p. 47 and select from it the
  order of the choices is not important.
• Add one or more purposes of your own.

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Exercise

• Write a brief description of the criteria that
  should be used for determining if education has
  been successful!

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Vocabulary aid

• Useful nouns criterion/criteria, basis/bases,
  features, characteristics, categories, classes,
  gruops, types, kinds, sorts, species, breeds,
  orders, divisions, families, members
• sub-categories/classes/divisions/groups

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• Useful verbs
• to classify, categorise, group, divide into,
  arrange in, put into, distinguish (between),
  differentiate (between/from)
• To sub-classify, sub-categorise, sub-group or
  sub-divide

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• Something may be classified
• 1. according to
• 2. on the basis of
• 3. depending (up)on
• The classification is based upon

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Thank you for your attention!