Fungi

1
Introduction

• Fungi
• Fungus
• Mycology
• Mykes Mushroom
• Medical mycology
• 5 kingdom
• Monera
• Plant
• Animal
• Fungi
• Protista
• Eukaryote Heterotrophic

2
FUNGI

• Number of cell
• Multi-cellular MOLD ???
• Uni-cellular YEAST ????

3
Mold

• Hyphae Mycelium
• Aseptate
• Coenocytic
• Zygomycetes
• Septate
• Aerial
• Vegetative

4
YEAST

• Round or oval
• Budding/binary fission
• Pseudohyphae or pseudomycelium
• Yeast like
• Candida albicans

5
Dimorphism

• Nature Mold
• 25 Sabourauds glucose agar (S)
• In body Yeast
• 37 BHI, Blood Agar
• Sporothrix schenkii
• Histoplasma capsulatum
• Blastomyces dermatitidis
• Coccidioides immitis Spherule
• Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
• Penicillium marneffei

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Dimorphism
Candida albicans

• Parasitic
• Yeast
• Saprophytic
• Mold
• Life of fungi
• Saprophytic
• Mutulistic
• Parasitic
• Loboa loboi
• Rhinosporidium sebeeri

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Reproduction

• Sexual Perfect
  Teleomorph
• Asexual Imperfect Anamorph
• Spore
• Conidia Macro Micro

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Asexual

• Sporangiospore
• Macroconidia
• Microconidia
• Arthroconidia
• Chlamydioconidia
• Budding
• Binary fission

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Sporangiospore
10
Macroconidia
11
Microconidia
12
Arthroconidia
13
Chlamydioconidia
14
Budding
15
Binary fission
16
Sexual

• Ascospore Ascomycetes
• Basidiospore Basidiomycetes
• Zygospore Zygomycetes

Deutromycetes
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Environmental Conditions

• Temperature
• PH
• Moisture
• Light
• Aeration

18
Temperature

• Thermophile
• Min20 Opt30-40 Max50-60
• Aspergillus fumigatus
• Mesophile
• 10-35 Opt27-28
• Psychrophile Max20

19
PH, Moisture, Light

• PH 6.8
• Moi. 80
• Light somatic Reproductive

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Aeration

• Obligate aerobe
• Facultative fermentative
• Obligate fermentative
• Obligate anaerobe
• Hydrogenosom

21
Cell envelope

• Characteristic
• Enzymes
• EM
• Dynamic

22
Cell envelope

• Cell membrane
• Cell wall
• Capsule

23
Cell envelope

• Cell membrane
• Sterol
• Cholesterol
• Phytostrole
• Ergostrole
• Polyen

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The plasma membrane

• Like other eukaryotes
• 2 layer phospholipid proteins sterol
• Antifungal drugs
• Role of C.M
• Absorb release
• Enzymes
• Chitin synthetase glucan synthetase
• Protein
• Signal transduction

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The Wall Component

• Polysaccharide
• Protein
• Lipid
• No constant

26
Cell wall

• Shape
• Interface
• Osmotic pressure
• Molecular transfer
• Pigment
• Physiologic roles
• Enzymes
• Invertase sucrose ? glucose fructose
• Ag

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Cell wall

• Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
• Chitin
• Glucans
• Mannoprotein
• Zygomycetes
• Chitosan
• Chitin
• Polyglucoronic acid

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Cell wall

• Chitin
• Fungi Insects
• N- acetylglucoseamin ( ß 1?4 )
• Elastic
• Hydrogen bands
• Inter Intra

29
Cell wall

• Chitosan
• Glucoseamin ( ß 1? 4 )
• Cellulose
• Oomycetes
• Glucose ( ß 1? 4 )

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Cell wall

• Glucans
• Polysaccharide of D-glucose monomers
• ß 1? 3
• 2nd ( EXP Zygomycetes )
• Structural Reservoir

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Cell wall

• Mannoproteins
• Yeast
• S. cerevisiae ( 20 )
• Produce in ER Golgi apparatus

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Cell wall

• Melanin
• Phenol
• Catechol ?C6H4(OH)2
• Tyrosine
• Dihydroxynaphthalene
• Resistance to any enzyme
• Protection
• Enzyme
• light

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The extrahyphal matrix

• Capsule
• C.neoformans
• Ag
• Phagocytosis

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Structure Ultra structure

• EM
• Cytochemical stains
• Hyphae
• Yeast

35
Hyphae

• Tube
• Solid wall
• Protoplasm
• No fixed length
• Diameter 1-30 µm ( 5-10 µm )
• Tip

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Hyphae

• Nucleus
• Mitochondria
• Vacuoles
• Lipid bodies
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Atypical

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Hyphae

• Nucleus
• Aseptate
• Coenocytic
• Septate
• Tip ? Growth ? Multinucleus
• Small
• Light microscope
• Fluorescence staining

38
Yeast

• Budding
• 1 nucleus
• Great vacuole
• Bud ? nucleus division ? cytoplasm division ?
  chitin sedimentation ? 2 cell
• Scar
• Multiple budding
• Bipolar budding

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Secretory system

• ER, Golgi apparatus vesicles
• Ribosome ? protein synthesis ? ER ? golgi
  apparatus ? processing ? vesicles ? secretion
• tertiary structure
• Glycosilation
• Rearrangement

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Vacuoles

• Round structure
• Storage
• Phosphate
• Calcium
• Recycling
• Cleavage of protein ? amino acids
• PH regulation

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Cytoskeleton

• Microtubule
• Microfilament
• Myosin like protein
• Fungal tubulin different from animal planet (
  griseofulvin )

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Medical Mycology

• Opportunistic pathogen
• True pathogen
• Allergic fungi
• Toxic fungi
• Mycotoxicosis
• Afla toxin
• A.flavus, A.parasiticus P.puberulum
• Mycetismus

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Medical Mycology

• Superficial mycosis
• Cutaneous mycosis
• Subcutaneous mycosis
• Systemic mycosis
• Opportunistic mycosis
• Mold
• Yeast