Myers

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Myers PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

• Chapter 8
• Learning
• James A. McCubbin, PhD
• Clemson University
• Worth Publishers

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Operant Conditioning

• We learn to associate a response and its
  consequence

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Operant Conditioning

• Operant Conditioning
• type of learning in which behavior is
  strengthened if followed by reinforcement or
  diminished if followed by punishment
• Law of Effect
• Thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by
  favorable consequences become more likely, and
  behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences
  become less likely

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Operant Conditioning

• Operant Behavior
• operates (acts) on environment
• produces consequences
• Respondent Behavior
• occurs as an automatic response to stimulus
• behavior learned through classical conditioning

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Operant Conditioning

• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
• elaborated Thorndikes Law of Effect
• developed behavioral technology

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Operant Chamber

• Skinner Box
• chamber with a bar or key that an animal
  manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer
• contains devices to record responses

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Operant Conditioning

• Reinforcer
• any event that strengthens the behavior it
  follows
• Shaping
• operant conditioning procedure in which
  reinforcers guide behavior toward closer
  approximations of a desired goal

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Operant Conditioning
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Principles of Reinforcement

• Primary Reinforcer
• innately reinforcing stimulus
• i.e., satisfies a biological need
• Conditioned Reinforcer
• stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through
  its association with primary reinforcer
• secondary reinforcer

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Continuous Reinforcement
• reinforcing the desired response each time it
  occurs
• Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
• reinforcing a response only part of the time
• results in slower acquisition
• greater resistance to extinction

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Fixed Ratio (FR)
• reinforces a response only after a specified
  number of responses
• faster you respond the more rewards you get
• different ratios
• very high rate of responding
• like piecework pay or commission

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Variable Ratio (VR)
• reinforces a response after an unpredictable
  number of responses
• average ratios
• like gambling, fishing
• very hard to extinguish because of
  unpredictability

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Fixed Interval (FI)
• reinforces a response only after a specified time
  has elapsed
• response occurs more frequently as the
  anticipated time for reward draws near

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Schedules of Reinforcement

• Variable Interval (VI)
• reinforces a response at unpredictable time
  intervals
• produces slow steady responding
• like pop quiz

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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Punishment

• Punishment
• aversive event that decreases the behavior that
  it follows
• powerful controller of unwanted behavior
• Positive
• The addition of an unpleasant stimulus
• Negative
• The removal of a pleasant stimulus

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Punishment
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning

• Latent Learning
• learning that occurs, but is not apparent until
  there is an incentive to demonstrate it (passive
  watching leading to the development of)
• Cognitive Map
• mental representation of the layout of ones
  environment
• Example after exploring a maze, rats act as if
  they have learned a cognitive map of it

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Latent Learning
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Cognition and Operant Conditioning

• Intrinsic Motivation
• Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and
  to be effective
• Extrinsic Motivation
• Desire to perform a behavior due to promised
  rewards or threats of punishments

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Cognition and Operant Conditioning

• Over justification Effect
• the effect of promising a reward for doing what
  one already likes to do
• the person may now see the reward, rather than
  intrinsic interest, as the motivation for
  performing the task

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Operant vs Classical Conditioning
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Legacy and Applications

• School
• Own pace and own level
• Gradually work on academics and athletics
• Work
• Profit sharing
• Atta boys
• Home
• Feedback on utilities
• Parenting techniques

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Observational Learning

• Observational Learning
• learning by observing others
• Modeling
• process of observing and imitating a specific
  behavior
• Prosocial Behavior
• positive, constructive, helpful behavior
• opposite of antisocial behavior

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Observational Learning

• Mirror Neurons
• frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing
  certain actions or when observing another doing
  so
• may enable imitation, language learning, and
  empathy

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Applications of Social Learning

• Prosocials models provide leadership on a large
  and small scale
• Dont say Do as I say, not as I do !!

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TV statistics

• Incredibly widespread
• Does not reflect distribution of real people
• Violence
• More during Sat. morn that prime time
• More violent crimes than in real life
• Most dont show victims pain
• Statistics
• More hours of violence watched as children more
  at risk for crime and aggression
• More than 3 hours commit 5 times as many
  aggressive acts
• Homicide rate double with introduction of TV here
  and in other countries
• Causation??
• Studies show yes (attractive people commit
  justifiable crime with no pain)
• Imitation of stars
• Become desensitized