Launching a New Nation:

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Launching a New Nation

• 1789 - 1816

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New Govt Takes Shape

• Washington elected 1st President unanimously.
• Although the Constitution provided a strong
  foundation, it was not a blueprint for governing.
• We are in a wilderness without a single footstep
  to guide us. -- James Madison

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The Judiciary Act of 1789

• The Constitution had authorized Congress to set
  up a federal court system, headed by the Supreme
  Court, but it failed to spell out the details.
• Judiciary Act of 1789 created the federal court
  system and allowed state court decisions to be
  appealed in federal court when constitutional
  questions were raised.

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Washington Shapes Executive Branch

• Congress created 3 executive departments
• 1) Department of State to deal
• with foreign affairs
• 2) Department of War to
• handle military matters
• 3) Department of Treasury to
• manage finances

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Washingtons Cabinet
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• Washington chose Thomas Jefferson as secretary of
  state, Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the
  treasury, Henry Knox as secretary of war, and
  Edmund Randolph as attorney general (the chief
  lawyer of the federal govt).
• These department heads soon became the
  presidents chief advisors, or cabinet.

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Hamilton and Jefferson Debate
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• Hamilton believed in a strong central govt led
  by a prosperous, educated elite of upper-class
  citizens.
• Jefferson distrusted a strong central govt and
  the rich. He favored strong state and local govt
  run by the common man.

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• Hamilton believed that commerce and industry were
  the keys to a strong nation.
• Jefferson favored a society of farmer-citizens.

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• Hamiltons vision of America found support in the
  North, particularly New England.
• Jeffersons views won endorsement in the South
  and the West.

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Hamiltons Economic Plan

• Hamilton believed that no nation could survive
  without the confidence of foreign and domestic
  creditors.
• He believed the federal govt must legislate to
  enrich the educated business and professional men
  so that they would be bound to that govt.

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• Hamilton proposed to pay off the war debt owed by
  the federal govt.
• He also proposed an assumption plan, which called
  for the federal govt to assume the war debts
  owed by the states.
• Hamilton reasoned that assuming state debts would
  give creditors an incentive to support the
  federal govt.

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• Assumption was strongly opposed by the South,
  which had already paid off most of their debt.
• The northern states were all for assumption.
• Assumption vehemently opposed by Jefferson and
  Madison.

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• In exchange for southern support for assumption,
  Hamilton compromised with Jefferson and Madison
  to move the national capital from New York to
  Philadelphia for 10 years, then to a permanent
  spot on the Potomac River.

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Plan for a National Bank

• Hamilton also proposed a national bank to issue
  paper money and handle tax receipts and other
  govt funds.
• The bank would be funded by the federal
  government and wealthy investors.
• Hamilton hoped to tie these wealthy individuals
  to the countrys welfare.

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• The proposal for a national bank met much
  opposition.
• Madison feared that the bank would forge an
  unhealthy alliance between wealthy investors and
  the govt.
• Jefferson saw the bank as unconstitutional,
  because the Constitution did not give the federal
  govt the power to operate a bank (strict
  construction vs. broad construction).

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The First Political Parties
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• The disagreements between Hamilton and Jefferson
  caused them to clash over govt policy, and this
  fueled the growing division in national politics.
• The split in Washingtons cabinet helped give
  rise to the countrys 1st political parties.

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• 2 parties formed around one of the key issues in
  American history -- the power and size of the
  federal govt in relation to the state and local
  governments.

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• Those who shared Hamiltons vision called
  themselves Federalists.
• Those who supported Jeffersons vision of strong
  state governments called themselves Republicans
  (No relation to todays Republican Party. Later
  called Democratic Republicans, Jeffersons party
  is the ancestor of todays Democratic Party).

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• Republicans believed in limited central
  government, an agrarian economy, strong state
  governments, and a democratic system based on
  broader political participation.

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The Whiskey Rebellion

• Occurred during Washingtons 2nd term in office
• Reflected tensions between national and regional
  interests

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• Congress passed an excise tax -- a tax on a
  products manufacture, sale, or distribution --
  to be levied on whiskey.
• This infuriated frontier farmers in western
  Penn., whose livelihood depended on the sale of
  corn whiskey.
• When federal agents came to collect the tax, the
  farmers chased them off.

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• Washington didnt want another Shays Rebellion,
  so he mobilized 13,000 state militia to put down
  the insurrection.
• No casualties, only a few arrests of ringleaders
  (many farmers fled to Kentucky)
• Washington had demonstrated the power of the
  federal govt to enforce laws.

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Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
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US Reaction to French Revolution

• Some Americans supported the French Revolution
  because it was inspired by the ideal of
  republican rule and because France and the US
  were allies.
• Some disagreed with the Revolution due to the
  excess of the revolutionary regime (The Reign of
  Terror)

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• During the French Revolution, France declared war
  on Great Britain and expected American help.
• Jefferson, Madison and the Republicans favored
  supporting France.
• Hamilton and the Federalists wanted the US to
  back the British.
• Washington issued a declaration of neutrality, a
  statement that the US would support neither side.

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• The French sent a young diplomat, Edmond Genet,
  to win American support.
• Going against diplomatic procedure, Genet began
  to recruit Americans for the war effort against
  Great Britain.

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• Americans were outraged. Federalists called
  Jefferson a radical because he supported France.
• Frustrated by these attacks and his ongoing feud
  with Hamilton, Jefferson resigned from the
  cabinet in 1793.

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Treaty With Spain

• US ambassador Thomas Pinckney negotiated treaty
  with Spain in 1795.
• Spain gave up all land claims east of the Miss.
  River (except Florida) and allowed American
  traders to use the port of New Orleans.
• Pinckneys Treaty helped pave the way for US
  expansion west of the Appalachians.

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Native Americans Resist White Settlers
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• Pioneers had been moving west of the Appalachians
  since before the Revolutionary War.
• Westward migration greatly increased after the
  Treaty of Paris, which secured the land between
  the Appalachians and the Miss. River for the
  Americans.

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• British still maintained forts in the Northwest
  Territory (a direct violation of the treaty).
• Settlers also met fierce resistance from the
  Indians, who often attacked white settlers.
• The federal govt sent the army (into Ohio) to
  secure the land for the white settlers.

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• Twice the army clashed with a confederacy of
  Indian tribes led by Miami chieftain Little
  Turtle and twice were defeated.
• Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne (Mad
  Anthony).

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• After training for a full year, Mad Anthony
  defeated the Miami Confederacy at the Battle of
  Fallen Timbers near present-day Toledo (1794).
• This victory ended Indian resistance in Ohio.

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Jays Treaty

• John Jay negotiated a treaty with Britain in
  which the British agreed to evacuate their posts
  in the Northwest Territory.
• Jays Treaty allowed British-Canadians to
  continue their fur trade on the US side of the
  border. This angered many western settlers.

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• Even though the US remained neutral in the war
  between France and Great Britain, the British had
  begun to seize US ships and confiscate their
  crews and cargoes. Many were furious that Jays
  Treaty did not resolve this problem.

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Adams Provokes Criticism

• The election of 1796 was the first contest
  between candidates from opposing parties.
• The Federalist ticket was John Adams and Thomas
  Pinckney.
• The Republican ticket was Thomas Jefferson and
  Aaron Burr.

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• Adams received 71 electoral votes, almost all
  from northern states.
• Jefferson received 68 electoral votes, almost all
  from southern states.
• As runner-up, Jefferson became the Vice President.

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• The Framers had not anticipated this problem
  because they had not expected the formation of
  political parties.
• The election highlighted the growing danger of
  sectionalism -- placing the interests of one
  region over those of the nation as a whole.

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Adams Tries To Avoid War

• France regarded Jays Treaty as a violation of
  the French-American alliance, and began seizing
  American ships bound for Great Britain.
• Adams sent a 3-man negotiating team to Paris to
  negotiate a solution.

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• The team, including future Chief Justice John
  Marshall, planned to meet with the French foreign
  minister Talleyrand.
• Instead, the French sent 3 low-level officials to
  meet the team, and they demanded a 250,000 bribe
  to meet with Talleyrand.
• This insult, known as the XYZ Affair, provoked
  anti-French sentiment in America.

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• In 1798, Congress authorized the creation of a
  navy and began seizing French ships.
• For 2 years an undeclared naval war raged between
  France and America.
• Many Federalists wanted full-scale war, but Adams
  refused. This damaged his standing with the
  Federalists.

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The Alien and Sedition Acts
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• Many new immigrants to the US were Republicans
  and openly criticized Adams and the Federalists.
• Sensing a danger to the govt, the Federalists in
  Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts,
  which

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1) Changed the citizenship requirement from 5 to
14 years.
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2) Authorized the president to deport or jail any
alien considered dangerous to the peace and
safety of the United States
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3) Set fines and prison sentence for anyone
expressing false, scandalous, and malicious
statements against the govt.
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The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Outraged Republicans called the Alien and
  Sedition Act a violation of freedom of speech.
• Madison and Jefferson organized opposition to the
  acts.

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• Madison and Jefferson wrote resolutions against
  the acts. The resolutions were adopted by
  Virginia and Kentucky.
• These resolutions asserted the principle of
  nullification -- the idea that states could
  nullify, or consider void, any act of Congress
  that they deemed unconstitutional.

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• The resolutions showed that the balance of power
  between the states and the federal govt remained
  a controversial issue.

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End of Material for 1st Chapter 6 Quiz
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Jefferson Alters the Nations Course
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Election of 1800

• The election pitted Jefferson (R) versus Adams
  (F).
• Jefferson defeated Adams in the electoral college
  by 8 votes however, Jeffersons Vice President
  Aaron Burr received the same number of votes as
  Jefferson.
• The House of Representatives is called upon to
  choose between the 2.

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• The Federalists controlled the House.
• 35 ballots were cast over 6 days and the House
  was still deadlocked.
• Finally, Hamilton convinced enough
  representatives to cast blank ballots for
  Jefferson to win.
• As a result of the deadlock, Congress passed the
  12th Amendment which called for electors to cast
  separate ballots for President and VP.

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Peaceful Transfer of Power

• The peaceful transfer of power from one party to
  another showed the world that the American
  Republic could withstand political change.
• Jefferson attempted to bring the country
  together. In his inaugural address, he stated
  Every difference of opinion is not a difference
  of principleWe are all Republicans we are all
  Federalists.

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Simplifying the Presidency

• That govt which is best is that which governs
  the least -- Thomas Jefferson.
• Jefferson tried to shrink the govt and cut costs
  wherever possible.
• He rolled back Hamiltons economic program by
  eliminating all internal taxes and reducing the
  influence of the national bank.

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Southern Dominance of Politics

• Jefferson was the 1st president to take office in
  the new federal capital, Washington, D.C.
• Southern capital reflected the growing importance
  of the south in politics.
• Jefferson and next 2 presidents all from
  Virginia.
• New England and the Federalists were declining in
  power.

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Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• While Adams was President, he passed the
  Judiciary Act of 1801, increasing the number of
  federal judges by 16.
• Adams feared what Jefferson would do to the
  country, so he appointed as many Federalists to
  the new positions as possible (midnight judges),
  in order for the Federalists to control the
  federal judiciary for years to come.

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• Adams also appointed his current Secretary of
  State John Marshall, a staunch Federalist, as
  Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
• Some of the appointments failed to be delivered
  before the end of Adams term.
• As a result, Jefferson declared the appointments
  invalid and his secretary of state James Madison
  refused to deliver the commissions.

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• One of the midnight judges took his case to the
  Supreme Court.
• In the famous ruling, Marshall said that
  Congress Judiciary Act of 1789 was
  unconstitutional.
• This decision affirmed the principle of judicial
  review, the ability of the Supreme Court to
  declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

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The Barbary Coast Pirates

• The North African states of Morocco, Algiers,
  Tunis, and Tripoli had been capturing foreign
  ships and holding them for ransom.
• The US had been paying these pirates a yearly
  tribute under Washington and Adams.
• Jefferson refused to pay this tribute.

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• Tripoli declared war on the US in 1801, and a war
  which the US won was fought for 3 years.
• The American hero of this was was Stephen Decatur.

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Hamilton Duels With Burr

• Hamilton backed Burrs opponent in 1800
  (Jefferson) and his opponent in the 1804 New York
  Governors race (Burr lost both and blamed
  Hamilton).
• Burr responded to challenging Hamilton to a duel.
• In the duel, Burr shot and killed Hamilton, who
  deliberately fired in the air.

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• Burr moved to Florida after indicted for murder
  in New York and New Jersey (he later returned to
  preside over the Senate).
• It later became known that while in Florida, Burr
  worked on a scheme to organize a secession of the
  Louisiana Territory into an independent republic.
• Jefferson had him arrested and tried for treason.
• Not enough evidence, he was acquitted.

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The US Expands West
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• During Jeffersons presidency, Americans
  continued to migrate across the Appalachians.
• Most Americans arrived in Ohio, Kentucky, and
  Tennessee through the Cumberland Gap, a natural
  passage through the Appalachians.
• In 1775, Daniel Boone had built a road through
  the Gap into Kentucky (the Wilderness Road).

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The Louisiana Purchase

• In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte of France persuaded
  Spain to return the Louisiana Territory.
• Many Americans were alarmed.
• Jefferson feared that the French presence would
  force the US into an alliance with Great Britain.

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• Jefferson sent James Monroe to offer to buy New
  Orleans and western Florida from the French.
• Before Monroe arrived, Napoleon offered to sell
  the ENTIRE Louisiana Territory for 15 million.

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• As a strict constructionist, Jefferson was unsure
  as to whether or not the federal govt had the
  authority to purchase new lands.
• After a delay, Jefferson submitted the treaty and
  the Senate ratified it.
• With the Louisiana Purchase, the size of the
  nation more than doubled.

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Lewis and Clark

• As the Louisiana Purchase was being finalized,
  Jefferson began organizing an expedition to
  explore the the West.
• He appointed his personal secretary, Meriwether
  Lewis, to lead an expedition from St. Louis to
  the Pacific coast.

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• Lewis chose William Clark to be second in
  command.
• The purpose of the expedition was to carry out
  scientific studies along the way and to document
  the native cultures they found.

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• The expedition began with about 50 men, and later
  took on an Indian women named Sacajawea who acted
  as interpreter and guide.
• Expedition took 2 years and 4 months (May
  1804-Sept. 1806) and covered 7,689 miles.

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• The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark
  expedition contributed to the success of
  Jeffersons first term in office, but trouble
  with Britain loomed on the horizon.

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The War of 1812 Erupts
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The War Hawks Demand War

• Jefferson won reelection in 1804.
• Renewed fighting between Britain and France
  threatened American shipping.
• In 1806, Napoleon decided to exclude British
  goods from Europe.
• In turn, Britain set up a blockade of Napoleons
  Europe.

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• By 1807, Britain had seized over 1,000 American
  ships, and France had seized about half that
  number.
• Americans focused their anger on the British
  because of its policy of impressment, the
  practice of seizing Americans at sea and drafting
  them into the British navy.

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• In one incident, the commander of the American
  ship Chesapeake refused to let the British board
  his ship and search for deserters. The British
  opened fire, killing 3 and wounding 18.
• Jefferson convinced Congress to declare an
  embargo, a ban on all trade with other countries.

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• Jefferson believed the Embargo Act of 1807 would
  hurt Britain and other European powers and force
  them to honor US neutrality.
• Unfortunately, the embargo stifled US business,
  and Congress eventually lifted the order in 1809.

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• A group of young congressmen from the South and
  the West, known as the war hawks, continued to
  push for war.
• The leaders of this group were John C. Calhoun
  (SC) and Henry Clay (KY), the Speaker of the
  House of Representatives.

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• About this time (1809) a confederacy of Indian
  tribes led by Shawnee chief Tecumseh began
  organizing to fight for their homeland in the
  Indiana Territory.
• The Indians attacked the US Army in Indiana in
  1811 but were defeated by General William Henry
  Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe. After the
  battle, it was discovered that the Indians had
  been supplied by the British.

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The Election of 1808

• Virginia Republican James Madison coasted to
  victory over a weak Federalist opponent, Charles
  C. Pinckney.
• By 1812, Madison had decided to go to war with
  Great Britain.
• He believed Britain was trying to cripple the
  American economy.

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Answers to First Invasion Questions

• 1. 3 years
• 2. shipping
• 3. France
• 4. Embargo Act of 1807
• 5. impressment
• 6. British
• 7. Madison

• 8. Madison
• 9. impressment
• 10. New England
• 11. Federalist
• 12. Republican
• 13. British
• 14. Canada no
• 15. Old Ironsides

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Answers to First Invasion Questions

• 16. Napoleon
• 17. Bladensburg, MD
• 18. Dolly Madison
• 19. burn them
• 20. hurricane
• 21. Baltimore, MD
• 22. Fort McHenry
• 23. Francis Scott Key

• 24. no
• 25. wrote Star-Spangled Banner
• 26. Hartford
• 27. New Orleans
• 28. Andrew Jackson
• 29. 2000 20
• 30. Treaty of Ghent

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Failure in Canada

• Republican cuts in govt spending left the US
  ill-prepared for war.
• The 1st attempts to invade Canada were
  disastrous.
• The next year things went better. A fleet under
  the command of Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a
  British fleet on Lake Erie.

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• The US retook Detroit and won several battles.
• Tecumseh was killed in battle, and Indian support
  for the British began to collapse.

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British Burn the White House

• By 1814, the British were raiding and burning
  towns all along the Atlantic coast.
• In August, the redcoats burned the Capitol, the
  White House, and other public buildings.

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The Final Battle

• General Andrew Jackson gathered 4,000 troops to
  defend New Orleans.
• The British advanced with 10,000 men.
• In just over an hour of fighting, the British
  suffered 2,036 casualties the Americans, 21.
• Jackson became an instant hero.

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• Ironically the Battle of New Orleans occurred 2
  weeks after the US and Britain had signed the
  Treaty of Ghent, officially ending the War of
  1812.
• By 1815, the US and Great Britain were once again
  trading together. They agreed upon borders for
  Louisiana, and agreed to jointly occupy the
  Oregon Territory for 10 years.

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Results of the War of 1812

• Increase in nationalism.
• Strengthening of isolationism.
• Increase of westward migration.
• Encouragement of US Industry.
• Death of the Federalist Party.

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End of Material for 2nd Chapter 6 Quiz