Medieval Conflicts of Church and States

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Medieval Conflicts of Church and States
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I. Early Middle Ages

• 800 Charlemagne in Rome crowned Emperor by Pope.
• Charlemagne gets moral authority.
• The Church gets protection.
• Who is supreme?

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II. Church a unity of secular and spiritual.
Religion dominates individual lives
Secular Clergy---bishops, archbishops, pope.
-Wield power, collect taxes, build churches.
Church keep baptism records, death records,
houses travelers, cares for ill, does charity, as
well as providing sacraments for salvation.
Regular Clergy- monks
continued
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(Church a unity of Secular and Spiritual)
Educational leadership. Creates educational
institutionscathedral school, then universities.
3 graduate disciplines Theology, Medicine, Canon
Law.

• Canon law for church in 1300 is more advanced
  than individual state laws. States need to
• hire churchmen to have literate civil servants.
  
• Even courtly love written down by churchman, like
  Art of Courtly Love, by Andreas Capellanus.

Pope Urban II in 1095 calls for Crusade to free
Holy Land from Muslim Turks. Rulers send knights.
Hospitallers and Templars fight as
military-monastic orders
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III. Growth of feudal states leads to
conflicts between Rulers and Pope.
In the 9th and 10th centuries Kings and Popes
conflicted over who could appoint high church
officils..
A. Holy Roman Empire
Hildebrand (Pope Gregory VII) vs. Emperor Henry
IV in German lands
-Henrys council of bishops declare independence
from Pope.
-Pope excommunicated Henry.
-1077 Henry was a penitent - barefoot 3 days in
Canossa.
-Pope granted Henry absolution
-Pope Calixtus II signed Concordat of Worms with
Emperor Henry V.
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B. England
-King Henry II struggled with the Archbishop of
Canterbury, Thomas à Becket
-Becket rose to post through service to the King,
changed to support church side after appointed.
-Henry wanted churchmen tried in state courts,
punished by secular authorities.
-Thomas defended clerical immunity. The Pope
backed Thomas
-1170 Henrys men killed Becket in Cathedral of
Canterbury
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C. France

• Pope Innocent III (d. 1216) defended papal
  supremacy. Excommunicated King John of
  England

• Pope Boniface VIII 1302 declared Unam Sanctam,
  supremacy of church over secular rulers.

• Philip IV the Fair of France ordered men to
  seize Pope. Boniface, who died soon after, in
  1303, and Philip kept the church in Avignon.

• 1309-1377 Babylonian Captivity no pope in
  Rome,

• Papal palace in Avignon, center for humanist
  scholarship, collects ancient manuscripts

• 1378-1417 Schism. French puppet popes
  continued in Avignon, while another set of
  popes ruled in Rome.