Recommended Websites:

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Life Science Mr. Galloway
Chapters 15-16 Human Biology Health Bones,
Muscles, Skin, Food, Digestion
Recommended Websites www.soulcare.org www.icr.org
www.AnswersInGenesis.org
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Body Organization Homeostasis Levels of
Organization

• Non-living atoms and molecules . . .
• Cells (basic unit of life remember
  Biogenesis)
• Tissues (are groups of similar cells four
  types)
• Organs (are composed of different tissue types)
• Organ Systems (groups of organs working
  together)- 11 organ systems
• Homeostasis (process to maintain internal
  stability)
• Stress ( your reaction to difficult events)-
  Stress can upset homeostasis of the body

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Animal Cells

• Law of Biogenesis life only from life
• So our living God is the source of living cells.
• Cell Membrane outside cell boundary
• Nucleus control center (computer of the cell)
• Cytoplasm area between the membrane and the
  nucleus.

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Tissues

• A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform
  the same function.
• Human bodies have four basic tissue types
• Muscle Tissues contract to move the body parts
• Nerve Tissues communicate between body brain
• Connective Tissue supports body (skeleton, fat,
  etc.)
• Epithelial Tissue covers the body inside and
  outside
• Skin
• Lining of your digestive tract, etc.

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Organs and Organ Systems

• Organ a structure composed of different kinds
  of tissues, which performs a specific job.
• Examples (heart, stomach, lungs, etc. .)
• Organ System group of organs working together
  to perform a major function.
• Eleven organ systems- Skeletal (support,
  protection) - Muscular (movement)- Skin
  (protects, regulates) - Digestive (food prep)
• - Circulatory (blood flow) - Respiratory
  (breathing)- Excretory (waste removal) - Immune
  (disease) - Nervous (feel, think, act) -
  Endocrine (hormones) - Reproductive (offspring)

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Skeletal System

• 206 human bones
• Five Functions
• Shape/Support
• Movement
• Protection of organs
• Production of blood
• Storage of materials
• Vertebrae 26back bones

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Bones both living and strong

• Bone Strength - stronger than concrete or
  granite, yet lighter than both
• Bone Growth bone cells grow and heal
• Bone Structure outer membrane, compact bone,
  spongy bone, marrow, nerves, blood vessels
• Marrow Types Two types - Red makes blood
  cells Child has red marrow in most of the
  bones Teens only at femur ends, skull, hips,
  sternum) - Yellow stores fat cells for energy
  reserves

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Bone Structure
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• Bone Formation infants have flexible cartilage,
  which becomes bone, as calcium makes it
  stiffer.Adults have cartilage in ears, nose,
  etc.
• Joints where two bones join. (Ligaments hold
  bones together)
• Immovable Joints skull joints, and rib/sternum
• Movable many types (hinge, pivot, gliding,
  ball/socket)
• Bone Care good diet and exercise
• Exercise actually stimulates bone growth
• Osteoporosis is a disease caused by a loss of the
  mineral calcium. The bones become soft and
  brittle.

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Joints

• Ball Socket
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Gliding

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Artificial Joint Metal Plastic
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Muscular System
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Muscular System 600 muscles

• Muscle Action only contract to move the body
• Involuntary automatic and not consciously
  controlled(heart, breathing, digestion, etc.)
• Voluntary under your control (arms, legs,
  mouth, etc.)
• Types of Muscle (Three)
• Skeletal (voluntary) striated attached to
  bone by a tendon
• Smooth (involuntary) inside organs, blood
  vessels
• Cardiac (involuntary) striated, yet does not
  get tired

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Types of Muscle
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Skeletal Muscles work in pairs since they can
only contract, not extend.
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The Skin largest organ on the body!
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Hair Follicle
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Finger and Toe Nails
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Skin A Tough Covering

• Prevents loss of water
• Protects from injury and infection
• Regulates body temperature (sweat)
• Eliminates wastes (sweat)
• Gathers information from environment (senses)
• Produces vitamin D

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Structure of the Skin

• Epidermis outermost layer
• Cells on the surface are dead (a thick layer)
• This dead layer is the primary protection layer
• Deeper into the epidermis the cells are alive
• Some produce melanin (a pigment tan)
• Dermis layer below epidermis above fat.
• Pores openings for sweat from sweat glands
• Follicles structures that grow hair
• Hair that you see is dead cells
• Oil is produced to waterproof the hair and
  moisten skin

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Caring for Your Skin

• Eat right
• Drink enough water
• Limit exposure to the sun
• Too much sun causes wrinkles and cancer
• Always use sun screen!!!
• Keep your skin clean and dry
• Wet and dirty skin lets bacteria and fungi grow
• This helps reduce acne, but acne is NOT caused by
  dirty skin.

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Food and Digestion

• Calorie amount of energy needed to raise the
  temperature of one gram of water by one degree
  Celsius.
• Food and Energy
• Nutrients substances in food that provide raw
  materials and energy the body needs
• Six Nutrient Types
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Proteins
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Water

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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, oxygen, and
  hydrogen.
• One gram of carbs provides four Calories
• Two groups of carbohydrates
• Simple sugars like glucose
• Complex many molecules of sugars linked
  together in a chain, like starches, fiber.
• Starches can be broken down to provide energy
• Fiber cannot be broken down and is not a
  nutrient, but helps the digestive system function

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Fats

• Fats are high-energy nutrients made of carbon,
  oxygen, and hydrogen.
• Two Classes of Fats
• Unsaturated Fats liquid at room temp., like
  oils.
• Saturated Fats solid at room temp., animal fat.
• Cholesterol is a waxy, fatlike substance found
  only in animal products.
• Your liver makes all the cholesterol we need, so
  getting extra from food is not needed and can be
  harmful.

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Proteins

• Proteins are nutrients that contain nitrogen as
  well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Amino Acids together make up protein molecules.
• There are about 20 amino acids.
• Thousands of proteins can be made by arranging
  the chains of amino acids differently.
• Complete and Incomplete Proteins
• Complete proteins from animal sources like meat
  eggs, which contain all the essential amino
  acids we need.
• Incomplete proteins from plant sources, which
  do not have all the amino acids we need.

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Vitamins

• Vitamins act as helper molecules in many chemical
  reactions.
• Scurvy disease caused by a lack of vitamin C,
  and was a terrible problem for sailors in the
  1700s, until a Scottish doctor (James Lind)
  discovered it was a diet problem.
• Small amounts of many different kinds of vitamins
  are needed by your body.
• Two Types of Vitamins
• Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K)
• Water-soluble Vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B12,
  Biotin, Folic Acid, Pantothenic Acid, C)

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My Two-Level Food Pyramid
Yummy
Yucky
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The Real Food Pyramid
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Be able to identify on a similar diagram, all of
these parts except the gallbladder and the
pancreas.
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Beginning of Digestion

• Digestion process of breaking down food into
  small nutrient molecules.
• Absorption process by which nutrient molecules
  pass through the wall of the intestines into the
  blood.
• Elimination process of removing waste
  byproducts from the body.

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The Mouth

• Teeth incisors, canines, premolars, molars
• Saliva watery solution for mechanical and
  chemical breakdown of food
• Mechanical Digestion teeth cut and crush food,
  saliva mixes and moistens food
• Chemical Digestion breakdown of complex
  molecules into simpler ones
• Starch to sugars, or proteins into amino acids
• Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical
  reactions.( catalysts in living organisms)

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The Esophagus 10 seconds

• Esophagus a muscular tube connecting the mouth
  to the stomach
• Epiglottis a flap of tissue that seals off you
  windpipe, so food wont enter it.
• Mucus thick slippery substance lining the
  esophagus, which makes food slide down easier.
• Peristalsis involuntary waves of muscle
  contraction that squeeze the food down the
  esophagus

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The Stomach

• Stomach a J-shaped muscular pouch which holds
  all the food you swallow. Average capacity 2
  liters.
• Mechanical and Chemical ways to break food down.
• Food stays in the stomach until food is in liquid
  form.
• Mechanically it squeezes and mashes and mixes
  food.
• Chemically it adds hydrochloric acid and pepsin
  (enzyme).
• The acid helps the enzyme reaction work better
  and kills germs
• Mucus lining the stomach wall protects you from
  the acid.

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Final Digestion and Absorption

• Small Intestine is about 6 meters (18 feet long)
• Most of chemical digestion and absorption occurs
  here
• Lots of enzymes and secretions coming from three
  organs
• Small Intestine wall
• Liver largest and heaviest of internal organs
• Bile is not an enzyme, so it works like soap to
  break down fats.
• Gallbladder is a storage organ for the bile
• Pancreas produces many enzymes for food
  breakdown.
• Absorption in the small intestine
• Villi (villus is singular) are millions of tiny
  finger-shaped structures lining the intestine to
  increase surface area.

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The Large Intestine

• It is the last section of the digestive system.
• About 1.5 meters (4 feet) long
• Water is absorbed into the blood stream.
• The left over material is readied for
  elimination.
• Rectum end section of the large intestine,
  where waste is compressed into a solid form.
• Anus a muscular opening at the end of the
  rectum.

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Thats All Folks