Chapter 10 Notes

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Chapter 10 Notes

• AP World History

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I. The Tang Empires, 618-755

• A. Tang Origins
• 1. The Tang Empire was established in 618.
• 2. Carried out a program of territorial
  expansion, avoided over centralization, and
  combined Turkic influence with Chinese Confucian
  traditions.

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• B. Buddhism and the Tang Empire
• 1. Emperors used Buddhist Idea that kings are
  spiritual agents who bring their subjects into a
  Buddhist realm.
• 2. Buddhist monasteries received tax exemptions,
  land, and gifts.
• 3. Mahayna Buddhism and its flexible beliefs
  encouraged the adaptation of local deities into
  the pantheon.
• 4. Buddhism spread following trade routes that
  converged on Tang capital Changan, making it a
  cosmopolitan city.

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• C. Changan by Land and Sea
• 1. Had a half a million residents.
• 2. Foreigners lived in speical compounds urban
  residents lived in walled, gated residential
  quarters.
• 3. Grand Canal brought people and goods into the
  city.
• 4. Islamic and Jewish merchants from Western
  Asia came to China via the Indian Ocean Trade
  Routes.
• 5. Ships brought goods and the Bubonic plague.

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• D. Trade and Cultural Exchange
• 1. Tang China combined Turkic and Chinese
  culture and brought polo, grape wine, tea, and
  spices.
• 2. Lost monopoly on silk, but began to produce
  its own cotton, tea, and sugar.
• 3. Exported far more than imported with high
  quality silks and porcelain being among its most
  desired products.

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II. Rivals for Power in Inner Asia and China
600-907

• A. The Uighur and Tibetan Empires
• 1. Uighur Empire was in Central Asia.
• 2. Combined Islam and China and developed own
  script and lasted for 50 years.
• 3. Tibet was a large empire with access to all
  parts of Asia and was open to Indian, Chinese,
  Islamic, and even Greek Culture.
• 4. Early relations between Tibet and Tang was
  good, but went bad when Tibet allied themselves
  with the southwestern kingdom of Nanchao against
  the Tang.
• 5. In the 9th century, a Tibetan king attempted
  to eliminate Buddhism but failed.

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• B. Upheavals and Repression, 750-879
• 1. In the late 9th century Tang broke the power
  of the Buddhist monasteries and Confucian
  ideology was reasserted.
• 2. This happened because Buddhism was seen as
  undermining the family system and eroding the tax
  base by accumulating tax-free land and attracting
  hundreds of thousands of people to become monks
  and nuns.
• 3. Buddhism had supported Wu Zhao, a women to
  become empress.
• 4. Confucian scholars concocted accounts that
  painted highly critical portraits of Wu Zhao and
  other influential women in Chinese history.

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• C. The End of the Tang Empire
• 1. Tang collapsed because it relied too much on
  provincial governors and they established their
  own kingdoms.
• 2. None of these smaller kingdoms were able to
  integrate territory on the scale of the Tang and
  communication with the Islamic world and Europe
  was cut off.

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III. Emergence of East Asia, to 1200

• A. The Liao and Jin Challenge
• 1. The Liao, Jin, and Chinese Song grew out of
  the Tang Empire.
• 2. Liao were nomads and settled agriculturalists
  and were of the Kitan ethnic group.
• 3. Liao Empire lasted from 916-1121 and forced
  the Song to give them annual payments of cash and
  silk in return for peace.
• 4. The Song helped the Jurchens of northeast
  Asia to defeat the Liao and the Jurchens
  established the Jin Empire and drove the Song out
  of north and central China.
• 5. Song continued to reign in south China as the
  Southern Song Empire (1127-1279).

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• B. Song Industries
• 1. Song made a number of technological
  innovations in the areas of mathematics,
  astronomy, and calendar making.
• 2. In 1088 the engineer Su Song constructed a
  huge chain driven clock that told the time and
  the day of the month and indicated the movements
  of the moon and certain stars and planets.
• 3. Made the compass suitable for seafaring.
• 4. Introduced the sternpost rudder and
  watertight bulkheads.
• 5. Introduced a standing, professionally
  trained, regularly paid military and used iron
  and steel and gunpowder in their wars.

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• C. Economy and Society in Song China
• 1. Civilian officials dominated society and put
  a higher value on aesthetic pursuits including a
  Neo-Confucian philosophy and Zen Buddhism
  continued to be popular.
• 2. Civil Service examination system was
  introduced and allowed men to be chosen by merit.
• 3. With the invention of movable type the Song
  were able to mass-produce authorized preparation
  texts and contributed to dissemination of new
  agricultural technology which spurred population
  growth.
• 4. Population rose to 100 million.
• 5. An interregional credit system called flying
  money and the introduction of government-issued
  paper money, but it caused inflation and was
  later withdrawn.
• 6. Not able to control the market economy and a
  new merchant elite thrived in the cities and
  their wealth derived from trade, not land.
• 7. Women status declined, lost rights to own
  property, remarriage was forbidden, foot binding
  became a mark of the elite and mandatory.

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IV. New Kingdoms in East Asia

• A. Korea
• 1. Korean hereditary elite absorbed Confucianism
  and Buddhism from China and passed them along to
  Japan.
• 2. The several small Korean kingdoms were untied
  first by Silla in 668 and then by Koryo in the
  early 900s. Korea used woodblock printing as
  early as the 700s and later invented moveable
  type.

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• B. Japan
• 1. Home to hundreds of small states that were
  unified perhaps by horse-riding warriors from
  Korea in the 4th or 5th century.
• 2. In the mid 7th century, implemented a series
  of political reforms to establish a centralized
  government, legal code, national histories,
  architecture, and city planning based on the
  model of Tang China.
• 3. However, they adapted it to the needs of
  Japan and maintained their own concept of
  emperorship and the native religion of Shinto
  survived.
• 4. Women became royal consorts and Suiko reigned
  as empress taking over from her husbands death
  in 592.
• 5. During the Heian period (794-1185) the
  Fujiwara clan dominated the Japanese government
  and civil officials were placed above warriors.
• 6. However, by 1000 some warrior clans had
  become wealthy and powerful and one clan
  established the Kamakura Shogunate, with its
  capital at Kamakura in eastern Honshu.

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• C. Vietnam
• 1. Geographical proximity and a similar,
  irrigated wet-rice agriculture made Vietnam
  suitable for integration with southern China.
• 2. The elite of Annam modeled their high culture
  after the Chinese.
• 3. The kingdom of Champa exported the
  fast-maturing Champa rice to China.
• 4. Status of women was higher than in China.

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