Essential Question:

1

• Essential Question
• How did different values lead to different
  American subcultures in the Chesapeake, Southern,
  New England, Middle colonies?
• Warm-Up Question
• Based upon the documents provided, what are some
  key differences between the Virginia New
  England colonies?

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Four Colonial Subcultures

• The different values of the migrants dictated the
  personality of the newly created colonies led
  to distinct (not unified) colonies
• The Chesapeake
• New England
• Middle Colonies
• The Lower South

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European Settlements in North America by 1660
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Chesapeake ColoniesVirginia Maryland
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Chesapeake Colonies
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The Chesapeake Dreams of Wealth

• After Walter Raleigh's failed Roanoke settlement,
  there was little interest in colonizing America
  but Richard Hakluyt ( others) kept
  promoting colonies
• Possibilities for wealth
• Rivaling Spain, Holland, France
• Nationalism, anti-Catholicism, anti-Spanish
  zeal

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Entrepreneurs in Virginia

• The major obstacle to colonizing in America was
  funding Queen Elizabeth would not spend tax
  revenue
• Joint-stock companies provided financing for
  colonies
• In 1606, King James gave the London Company the
  1st charter to establish colonies in America

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The London Company, 1606
The London Co was later renamed the Virginia
Company English stockholders in Virginia Company
expected instant profits
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The Virginia Colony Reading Discussion

• Based upon the reading
• What were the expectations of the early Jamestown
  colonists?
• What were conditions like during the early years
  of the Jamestown colony?

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Entrepreneurs in Virginia

• Jamestown was settled in 1607 along the
  Chesapeake Bay
• the location was unhealthy but easy to defend
  from Spanish ships (but not from inland Indians)
• Settlers had no experience in founding a
  settlement
• Colonists expected to become immediately wealthy
  failed to plant crops or prepare for long-term
  habitation in America

Chesapeake colonists did not work for the common
good many starved to death
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Jamestown Fort, 1609
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Jamestown Colony
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Spinning Out of Control
Captain John Smith

• In 1608, John Smith imposed order in Jamestown
  traded for food with natives
• But, Jamestown faced difficulties
• Poor leadership harsh winters led to starving
  time (1609-1610)
• In 1622 1644, Jamestown was attacked by
  Powhattan Indians

The most powerful Native Americans east of
Mississippi River
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Powhatan Confederacy
The 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347
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Saved by a Stinking Weed

• John Rolfe introduced a tobacco hybrid that gave
  Jamestown a cash crop economy

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Early Colonial Tobacco

• 1618 Virginia produced 20,000 pounds of tobacco
• 1622 Despite losing nearly 1/3 of its
  colonists in an Indian attack, 60,000 pounds
  produced
• 1627 Virginia produced 500,000 pounds of
  tobacco
• 1629 Virginia produced 1,500,000 pounds of
  tobacco

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Saved by a Stinking Weed

• In 1618, headrights were used to encourage
  cultivation of tobacco the settlement of
  Jamestown
• A 50-acre lot was granted to each colonist who
  paid for his own transportation, or for each
  servant brought into the colony
• Led to huge tobacco plantations thousands of
  new settlers who hoped to make their fortunes

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English Migration, 1610-1660
Virginias growth was due largely to headrights
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Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake
settlement?
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Virginia House of Burgesses

• In 1619, Virginia colonists created a legislative
  assembly to create local taxes oversee finances
• The Virginia House
  of Burgesses
  became the 1st
  legislative assembly in
  America

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How Many Slaves?

• In 1619, the 1st African slaves arrived in
  Jamestown
• In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves arrived in the
  New World per year
• Through the 18th century, 5.5 million
  arrived in America
• By 1860, 11 million slaves were brought to the
  New World
• Before 1831, more African slaves came to America
  than Europeans

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Population of the Chesapeake Colonies 1607-1750
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Time of Reckoning

• Despite the profits from tobacco, Virginia was a
  deadly place to live
• Many died from disease
• Numerous Powhattan attacks
• Indentured servants were treated badly cheated
  out of land when servitude ended
• Few females (61 ratio) made families or
  reproduction difficult

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Corruption and Reform

• In 1624, James I dissolved the Virginia Company
  made Virginia a royal colony
• But colonists continued to meet in the House of
  Burgesses
• VA was divided into 8 counties each with a county
  court
• Very little changed Jamestown colonists still
  focused with tobacco continued to lack unity

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Jamestown Colonization Pattern, 1620-1660
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The Maryland Colony
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Maryland A Refuge for Catholics

• Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
  as a refuge for English Catholics
• In 1632, Charles I granted a
  charter for Maryland
• To recruit laborers, Lord
  Baltimore required toleration
  among Catholics Protestants

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Maryland A Refuge for Catholics

• Wealthy Catholics proved unwilling to relocate to
  America so Maryland became populated largely by
  poor Protestant farmers indentured servants
• Maryland had few large tobacco plantations
• Farmers (mostly poor tobacco planters) lived in
  scattered riverfront settlements

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New England Colonies
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New England Colonies, 1650
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Reforming England in America

• Queen Elizabeths reconciliation of Anglican
  Catholic conflicts appeased many, but created 2
  factious groups of extremists
• Catholics (many settled in Maryland)
• Puritans who wanted Anglican Church stripped of
  Catholic rituals (made up of conservative
  Puritans radical Pilgrims)

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The Pilgrims in Plymouth

• Pilgrims were separatists who refused to worship
  in the Anglican Church, fled to Holland to avoid
  compromising religious beliefs
• Migrated to America in order to maintain distinct
  identity settled in New England
• Formed the Mayflower Compact to create a civil
  body politick among settlers (became the 1st
  American form of self-govt)

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The Mayflower Compact Reading Discussion

• What are the Pilgrims agreeing to do by signing
  the Mayflower Compact?
• Is this a religious or a political document?
  Explain

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Reforming England in America
The origins of Thanksgiving

• Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620
• Faced disease hunger received help from local
  natives like Squanto Massasoit
• Plymouth was a society of small farming villages
  bound together by mutual consent but faced
  serious recruitment issues
• In 1691, Plymouth was absorbed into the larger,
  more successful Massachusetts Bay colony

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The Great Migration

• Puritans were more conservative than Pilgrims
  wished to remain within the Church of England
• Believed in predestination, fought social sins,
  despised Catholic rituals in the Anglican Church
• In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was
  ruining England
• From 1630-1640, John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans
  to the Massachusetts Bay colony

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The Great Puritan Migration
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A City on a Hill

• Winthrop emphasized a common spiritual goal to
  create a city on a hill as beacon of
  righteousness
• New England experienced unique demographic
  social trends
• Settlers usually came as families
• NE was a generally healthy place to live
• Settlers sacrificed self-interest for the good of
  the community

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A City on a Hill

• As Mass Bay colony grew beyond Boston, towns
  began to develop their own unique personalities
• Each town was independently governed by local
  church members (Congregationalism)
• Allowed voting by all adult male church members
  (women blacks joined but could not vote)
• Officials were responsible to God, not their
  constituents

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Congregationalism Nucleated vs. Dispersed
Villages
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A City on a Hill

• NE town govts were autonomous most people
  participated due to common religious values
• Massachusetts Bay was more peaceful than other
  colonies
• Passed a legal code called the Lawes and
  Liberties in 1648 to protect rights order
• Created civil courts to maintain order mediate
  differences

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Limits of Dissent Roger Williams

• Puritans never supported religious toleration,
  esp Roger Williams
• Williams was a separatist who questioned the
  validity of the colonys charter because the land
  was not bought from natives
• Promoted liberty of conscience where God (not
  leaders) would punish people for their wrong
  religious ideas
• Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636

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Limits of Dissent Anne Hutchinson

• Anne Hutchinson believed she was directly
  inspired by God
• Believed that converted people are not subject
  to mans laws, only subject to Gods laws
  (Antinomianism)
• Hutchinson challenged Mass Bays religious
  leaders
• She was banished to Rhode Island

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Mobility and Division

• After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts
  colony grew spawned 4 new colonies
• New Hampshire
• Rhode Island
• Connecticut
• New Haven

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Mobility and Division

• New Hampshire formed in 1677 grew very slowly
  was dependent upon Mass Bay
• Connecticut formed in 1662 due to fertile lands
  resembled Mass Bay
• Fundamental Orders was model of civil govt based
  on religious principles (the 1st written
  constitution in American history)

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Mobility and Division

• New Haven set up in 1636 because Puritan leaders
  wanted a colony with closer relationship between
  church state
• Rhode Island drew highly independent colonists
  who practiced religious toleration (founded by
  religious dissenter Roger Williams)

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New England Colonies, 1650
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Complete the following chart then identify the
most significant similarities differences
between the Chesapeake New England colonies
Chesapeake New England
Political
Economic
Social
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• Essential Question
• How did differences in values affect distinct
  American subcultures in the Chesapeake, New
  England, Southern, Middle colonies?
• Reading Quiz Ch 3B (p 70-84)

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The Middle ColoniesNew York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware
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The Middle Colonies, 1685
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New York

• NY was established as New Netherlands by the
  Dutch West India Co. (the great economic rival to
  England Spain)
• Its small population was diverse included Finns,
  Swedes, Germans, Africans, Dutch
• In 1664, the English fleet captured the colony
  with little resistance

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New York

• After begin taken by England, New York (which
  included New Jersey, Delaware, Maine) became
  the personal property of James, the Duke of York
• Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the
  local level
• James gained little profit from the colony

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Pennsylvania

• Pennsylvania founded by a radical religious sect
  called Quakers
• Quakers believed in Inner Light
• Rejected idea of original sin predestination
• Believed that each person could communicate
  directly with God
• All are equal in eyes of God can be saved
  (conversion was essential to faith)

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Penn's "Holy Experiment"

• Quakers were persecuted in New England for their
  beliefs William Penn founded Pennsylvania in
  1681 as a holy experiment
• As a society run on Quaker principles that
  promoted religious toleration protection of the
  rights of property-less
• Appealed to English, Welsh, Irish, German
  immigrants

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William Penn Native Americans
Quick Discussion Question In what ways was
Penns holy experiment in
Pennsylvania similar to Winthrops city on a
hill?
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Settling Pennsylvania

• Immigration to PA led to a very ethnically,
  nationally, religiously diverse population
• Quarrels were common (unlike homogeneous VA
  Mass Bay colonies), but PA prospered
• In 1701, Penn granted self-rule to PA colonists
  independence to Delaware counties

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Urban Population Growth 1650-1775
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The Lower South
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Settling the Lower South
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Carolina

• Although Carolina relied on slave labor
  agriculture ( therefore looked like Chesapeake
  colonies) it was very different due to
• Diversity of settlers
• Environment very different from the Chesapeake
• No Solid South yet

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Proprietors of the Carolinas
Carolina was established as a political utopia
experimented with early forms of democracy

• Carolina was granted a charter in 1663 to eight
  proprietors to reward their loyalty
• Proprietors were inspired by John Locke created
  a government led by wealthy lawmakers but with
  veto power for average citizens
• But Carolina had difficulty recruiting settlers
  in its first years

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The Barbadian Connection

• English planters from the Caribbean island of
  Barbados were recruited to Charles Town
• Barbadians brought a strict, cruel slave code
  with them
• Demanded greater self-govt within Carolina led
  to 1729 strife that led to division of colony
  into North South Carolinas

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Charles Town, South Carolina, the only southern
port
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Indigo Rice crops of the Carolinas
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The Carolinas and Georgia
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Founding of Georgia
Georgia was in many ways a social utopia
because it offered a fresh start for many of the
lowest English citizens

• Georgia was founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe
  as a strategic buffer between the Carolinas
  Spanish Florida
• Oglethorpe offered Georgia as a refuge for
  imprisoned debtors from England
• By 1751, Georgia was a small colony with a
  slave-owning plantation society

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The Proprietary Colonies
A secretary of one of the proprietors was John
Locke
By Lord Baltimore as a heaven for Catholics
8 proprietors hoped to create a politically
democratic colony

• Most English colonies were created by royal
  charter, but some had charters granted land to
  individuals
• Maryland (1634)
• Carolina (1663)
• New York (1664)
• New Jersey (1665)
• New Hampshire (1680)
• Pennsylvania (1681)
• Delaware (1704)

Granted to William Penn (son of a English naval
hero) as a land of religious freedom
Given as a gift to the James, Duke of York (the
brother of King Charles II)
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Conclusions

• All the colonies faced early an struggle to
  survive
• Distinct regional differences intensified
  persisted throughout the colonial period
• It was not until the American Revolution that
  colonists began to see themselves as a distinct
  American people

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Closure Question

• Did any of these colonies live up to the
  expectations of their founders
• Virginia?
• Massachusetts Bay?
• Carolina?
• Pennsylvania?
• Which colony would you have chosen to live in?
  Why?