CHAPTER FOURTEEN

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CHAPTER FOURTEEN

• The Renaissance and Reformation

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The Renaissance and Reformation

• The Renaissance began in Italy and slowly
  spread through Europe.  The Church was still a
  major power as well as primary patron of the
  arts.  An emerging middle class began to question
  the old foundations of power and knowledge. At
  the same time education became more available and
  the printing press was developed. This progress
  aided individual achievement and scientific
  inquiry which, along with new wealth, set the
  stage for the Renaissance to match and even
  surpass ancient Greek and Roman learning.

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Section oneThe renaissance in Italy

• Vocabulary
• PATRON- person who provides financial support for
  the arts.
• HUMANISM- intellectual movement at the heart of
  the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly
  subjects rather than on religious issues.
• PERSPECTIVE- artistic technique used to give
  drawings and paintings a three - dimensional
  effect.
• What was the renaissance?
• The renaissance was a time of creativity and
  changes in many areas political, social,
  economic, and cultural.
• Renaissance minds set out to transform their own
  age.
• It was a rebirth after the disorder and disunity
  of the medieval world.
• Latin had survived as the language of the Church
  and of educated people.
• It produced new attitudes toward culture and
  learning.
• Renaissance thinkers were eager to explore the
  richness and variety of human experience in the
  here and now.
• Supported a spirit of adventure and a wide
  ranging curiosity that led people to explore new
  worlds.

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• ITALIAN BEGINNINGS
• The Renaissance began in Italy in the mid 1300s
  and spreaded north to the rest of Europe.
• The renaissance was marked by a reawakened
  interest in the culture of ancient Rome
• Italy was the birth place of the Renaissance.
• Italy was the center of ancient Roman history, it
  was only natural for this awakened to start
  there.
• Architectural remains, antique statues, coins,
  and inscriptions all were visible reminders of
  Italians of the glory that was Rome.
• Italys cities had survived the Middle Ages.
• In the North, cite states like Florence, Milan,
  Venice, and Genoa grew into prosperous centers or
  trade and manufacturing.
• Merchants exerted both political and economic
  leadership, and their attitudes and interests
  helped to shape the Italian Renaissance.
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  Florence and Medicis
• Florence came to symbolize the Italian
  Renaissance.
• It produced a number or gifted poets, artists,
  architects, scholars, and scientists.
• The Medicis family of Florence organized a
  banking business which prospered and expanded
  into wool manufacturing, mining, and other
  ventures.
• Money translated into cultural and political
  power.
• Cosimo de Medici gained control of the
  Florentine government in 1434, and the family
  continued as uncrowned rulers of the city for
  many years.
• Cosimo had a grandson named Lorenzo who was known
  as The Magnificent for representing the
  Renaissance Ideal.
• He held Florence together during difficult times.

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• Humanism
• Focused on worldly subjects rather than on the
  religious issues that had occupied medieval
  thinkers.
• Humanist scholars hoped to used the wisdom of the
  ancients to increase their understanding of their
  own times.
• The main areas of study that the humanists
  thought stimulated the individuals powers were
  grammar, poetry, and history, based on Greek and
  Roman texts.
• Golden Age in the arts
• The Renaissance reached its most glorious
  expression in its paintings, sculpture, and
  architecture.
• Renaissance artists portrayed religious figures
  such as Mary, Jesus, and the saints.
• Leonardo - was born in 1452. His paintings were
  of realism and freshness.
• Michelangelo was a sculptor, engineer, painter,
  architect, and poet. Based his masterpieces on
  Christ.
• Raphael was younger than both Leonardo and
  Michelangelo . His paintings had a blend of
  Christian and classical styles.

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Section twothe renaissance moves north

• ARTISTS OF THE NOTHERN RENAISSANCE
• The northern renaissance began in the 1400s in
  the prosperous cities of Flanders, a region that
  included parts of what is today Northern France,
  Belgium, and the Netherlands.
• Spain, France, Germany, and England enjoyed their
  great cultural rebirth 100 years later, in the
  1500s.
• The great Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus used
  his knowledge of classical languages to produce a
  new Greek edition of the New Testament.
• He created a much improved Latin translation of
  the entire Bible.
• Erasmus had a friend who was a English humanist
  named Sir Thomas More.
• He used his pen to press for social and economic
  reform.
• He describes and ideal society, where men and
  women live in peace and harmony.
• LITERATURE OF THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
• Erasmus and More wrote mostly in Latin, many
  northern writers used the modern languages of
  their countries.
• Shakespeare Between 1590 and 1613, he wrote 37
  plays that are still performed around the world.
  His tragedies show human beings crushed by
  powerful forces or their own weakness.
  Shakespeares love of words vastly enriched the
  English language.
• Cervantes produced an entertaining tale that
  mocks romantic notions of medieval chivalry
  called Don Quixote.
• The printing revolution
• The Chinese had learned to make paper and had
  printed books centuries earlier.
• Printing presses sprang up in Italy, Germany, the
  Netherlands, and England.
• The printing revolution brought immense changed.

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SECTION THREETHE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

• VOCABULARY
• INDULGENCE- in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon
  for sins committed during a persons lifetime.
• RECANT to give up ones view or beliefs.
• PREDESTINATION idea that God long ago
  determined who will gain salvation.
• THEOCRACY government run by church leaders.
• Abuses in the church
• Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the church had
  become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.
• Pope competed with Italian princes for political
  power.
• They fought long wars to protect the Papal States
  against invasions by secular rulers.
• During the Renaissance, popes, like other
  Renaissance rulers, maintained a lavish
  lifestyle.
• They hired painters and sculptors to beautify
  churches and spend vast sums to rebuild the
  cathedral of St. Peters at Rome.
• For it to happen, the Church increased fees for
  religious services like marriages and baptisms.
• The church had granted indulgences only for good
  deeds, such as going on a crusade.
• Many Christians protested such practices.

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• Luthers protest
• Protests against Church abuses continued to grow.
  In 1517, these protests erupted into a full
  scale revolt.
• The man who triggered the revolt was a German
  monk and professor of theology named Martin
  Luther.
• He grew increasingly disillusioned with what he
  saw as a corruption and worldliness of the
  church.
• In 1517, a German priest named Johann Tetzel set
  up a pulpit on the outskirts of Wittenberg.
• With the approval of the pop, he sold indulgences
  to any Christian who contributed money for the
  new Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome.
• Tetzel claimed that purchase of these indulgences
  would assure the entrance into heaven nor only of
  the purchasers but of their dead relatives as
  well.
• Tetzel was an insult to Martine Luther which made
  him mad to see people paying for indulgences
  instead of seeking true repentance.
• Luther then drew up 95 Theses, a list of
  arguments against indulgences. He argued that
  indulgences had no basis in the Bible, that the
  pope had no authority to release souls from
  purgatory, and that Christians could be saved
  through faith.
• All most overnight, copies of Luthers 95 Theses
  were printed and distributed across Europe, where
  they stirred up furious debate.
• The Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, summoned
  Luther to the diet where he was expecting to
  defend his writings.
• He argued that salvation could be achieved
  through faith alone.
• He declared that the Bible was the sole source of
  religious truth.
• He rejected the idea that the priests and the
  Church hierarchy has special powers.

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• Spread of Lutheran ideas
• Many of the clergy saw Luthers reforms as the
  answer to corruption in the Roman Catholic
  Church.
• Some people saw Lutheranism as a way to throw off
  the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman
  emperor.
• Others welcomed a chance to seize church property
  in their territory.
• Still other Germans supported Luther because of
  the feelings of national loyalty.
• The peasants also took up Luthers banner.
• They hoped to gain his support for social and
  economic change as religious reform.
• The rebels demanded an end to serfdom and other
  changes in their harsh lives but Luther denounced
  it.
• he urged nobles to suppress the rebellion.
• During the 1530s and 1540s, the Holy Roman
  emperor Charles V tried to force Lutheran princes
  back into the Catholic Church
• The peace of Augsburg, signed in 1555, allowed
  each prince to decide which religion Catholic
  or Lutheran would be followed in his lands.
• John Calvin
• He had a logical, razor sharp mind, and his ideas
  had a profound effect on the direction of the
  Protestant Reformation.
• He believed that salvation was gained through
  faith alone.
• He taught that God was all powerful and that
  humans were sinful.
• Calvin preached predestination, the idea that God
  has long ago determined who would gain salvation.
  
• To Calvinists, the world was divided into two
  kinds of people saints and sinners.

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Section four reformation ideas spread

• Vocabulary
• ANNUL to cancel or invalidate.
• GHETTO separate section of a city where members
  of a minority group are forced to live.
• THE ENGLISH REFORMATION
• religious leaders such as John Wycliffe had
  called for a Church reform as early as the 1300s.
  
• By the 1520s even some English clergy were toying
  with protestant ideas.
• Henry VIII stood firm against the Protestant
  revolt.
• Popes had freed rulers from marriages before. But
  the current pope did not want to offend the
  powerful Holy Roman emperor Charles V, Catherine
  of Aragons nephew.
• Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the tower of
  London.
• She waited in terror for her mother who had gone
  to her death from the tower.
• THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION
• As the protestant Reformation swept across
  northern Europe, a vigorous reform movement took
  hold within the catholic church.
• Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral
  authority of the Church and toll back the
  Protestand tide.
• To end corruption within the papacy itself, he
  appointed reformers to key posts.
• Pope Paul set out the Inquistion which used
  secret testimony, torture, and execution to stamp
  out heresy,

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Section fivethe scientific revolution

• VOCABULARY
• HELIOCENTRIC based on the belief that the sun
  is the center of the universe.
• GRAVITY force that tends to pull one mass or
  object to another.
• Changing views of the world
• Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric or
  sun centered, model of the universe.
• The sun stood at the center of the universe and
  the earth is just one of the several planets that
  revolved around the sun.
• Most experts rejected this revolutionary theory,
  which contradicted both Church teachings and the
  teachings of Ptolemy.
• In the late 1500s, the danish astronomer tycho
  Brahe provided evidence that supported
  Copernicuss theory.
• He set up an astronomical observatory.
• After Brathe died, his assistant Johannes, used
  Brahes data to calculate the orbits of the
  planets revolving around the sun.
• His calculations supported Copernicuss
  heliocentric view.
• The scientific method complex mathematical
  calculations were used to convert the
  observations and experiments into scientific
  laws.
• Gravity was made by Isaac Newton. He showed
  that a single force keeps the planets in their
  orbits around the sun.
• Chemistry slowly freed itself from the magical
  notions of alchemy. Robert Boyle distinguished
  between individual elements and chemical
  compounds. He explained the effect of temperature
  and pressure on gasses.

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REGENTS QUESTIONS

• Which statement best expresses an idea held by
  many Renaissance humanist philosophers?
• People should study worldly subjects as well as
  sacred matters.
• Governments should establish overseas empires.
• Individuals should withdraw from the world and
  study religion.
• Scholars should dedicate themselves to the study
  of life after death.
• 2. Which factor best characterizes the
  art of both ancient Greece and the Renaissance?
• Emphasis on the human form.
• Focus on the biblical themes.
• Dominance of landscape paintings.
• Influence of the West African tradition.
• 3. Which factor contributed to the
  beginning of the Renaissance in Italian cities?
• Occupation by foreign powers
• Interaction with Latin America
• Surplus of porcelain from Japan
• Access to important trade routes

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ANSWERS

1. A.
2. A.
3. A.
4. B.
5. B.

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• This project was done by Kimberly De La Santa
• Period F
• Teacher Mr. Hernandez
• Sources
• Pictures google
• Information global II textbook