International Security Global Security

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International SecurityGlobal Security

• Websites
• http//english.aljazeera.net
• www.economist.com
• www.cfr.org
• http//home.kku.ac.th/petmas/
• readings
• podcasts
• videos

2
Class structure and assessment

• gt 80 attendance required
• gt 20 minutes late absent
• No computers
• Phones quick quiet
• If you do not understand, ask me
• If I cannot help, I will ask someone to help
  explain
• Mutual Respect

3
Class structure and assessment

• Each week
• First class
• Introduce topic
• Lecture
• Videos and podcasts
• Readings
• Provide tutorial assignment
• Second Class
• Students present tutorial assignment
• Questions and discussion
• Prepare for next week
• Videos and podcasts
• Readings

4
Class structure and assessment

• Tutorial presentations
• 5 - 10 minutes
• Each member to speak
• Power Point (basic)
• Handouts
• Answer questions

5
Class structure and assessment

• Exam will be based on tutorial topics
• Midterm
• major presentation or
• 3 out of 6
• Final - choose 5 out of 12 questions

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Class structure and assessment
Criteria
Midterm examination (questions concerning weekly tutorial topics) 20
Final examination (questions concerning weekly tutorial topics) 20
Weekly Tutorial Exercises for class discussion I will provide feedback each week 30
Participation and attendance Definition of participation To join in, to take part, to involve oneself 30
Total 100
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Myth/fear I will ask a stupid question and
everyone will find out that I am dumb.

• Fact 98.7 of questions are not dumb
• Fact 99.3 of questions motivated by curiosity
  are not dumb
•  Fact Most other students will be thinking
  thank goodness someone asked that question
  because they didn't understand it either (you
  will be a hero)
•  Fact Most people fear that they will be found
  out to be dumb

8

• Myth/fear I will interrupt the lecture by asking
  a question.
•  Fact it's true, but so what?
• Fact if I ask questions, I am participating so
  I have a very good chance of understanding and
  getting an A

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Weekly Tutorial

• Power Point
• KIS principle
• All group members must present and answer
  questions
• Handouts should provide details for classmates
• Bring to me before at least 1 hour before class
  and I will print
• Classmates must participate by listening, note
  taking and asking questions
• Remember Exam questions come from tutorial topic
  presentations

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What is International Security?
International security consists of the measures
taken by nations and international organisations,
such as the United Nations, to ensure mutual
survival and safety These measures include
military action and diplomatic agreements such as
treaties and conventions
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Rule of Law

• Rule of Law is a principle under which all
  persons, institutions, and entities, public and
  private, including the state itself, are
  accountable to laws that are publicly
  promulgated, equally enforced, and independently
  adjudicated, and which are consistent with
  international human
• rights law. Rule of Law and Human Rights,
  U.S. Department of State, 2007

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Security Studies is threats to survival but those
threats are far reaching


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Defining Traditional Security

• Traditional security dominated by realist theory
  of international politics
• It is about geo-politics, deterrence, power
  balancing and military strategy
• The state and its defence from external military
  attacks is the exclusive focus of security
  policy
• Security confined to deliberate threats
  (primarily of a military nature) to physical
  security of state

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What is Non-Traditional Security (NTS)?

• It focuses primarily on non-military challenges
  to security
• Post cold war era, reduced justification for huge
  expenditure for ensuring state security
• NTS incorporates the state as a primary referent
  object of security but also moves beyond it by
  including other issues like human security

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What is Referent Object?

• The traditional policy of national security,
  where the referent object of security is the
  state, is now accompanied by a new policy of
  human security, which emphasizes the individual
  as the referent object of security.

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Traditional Coercive diplomacy The Role Of Intelligence Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism Humanitarian intervention Energy security The Defence Trade
Non-Traditional Health and security food water Transnational Crime Child soldiers
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What do these NTS issues have in common?

• They are all trans-national in character and
  defined in political and socio-economic terms and
  not in military terms
• Not new security concerns but intensified and
  spread by forces of globalization

19
6 Sectors of Security
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Military Security

• State perceiving security through military power
• against external threats
• What about the USA after 9/11?

21
Regime Security

• A security sector configured to protect a regime
  rather than human security

22
Societal Security

• Societal security can be defined as the
  maintenance of distinct ethno-national and
  religious identities
• Societies are units formed by a sense of
  collective identity
• Where collective identity is defined it enables
  the word we to be used

23
Environmental Security

• Environmental security maybe defined as the
  ability of individuals to avoid or adapt to
  environmental change so that things that are
  important to their well-being are not
  substantially negatively affected.

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Who are the Actors in IR?

• Actors are the main participants/decision makers
  in IR
• But it depends on IR theory who these
  areClassical IR theory
• States are main actors
• No central government or control base
• Current negotiations re statehood?
• Israel and Palestine

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Non States

• Large NGOs
• United Nations NATO
• MNCs
• google News Corp
• Terrorist groups
• Al Qaida

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Violent Non-State Actors

• Non-state actors can effectively challenge a
  state when the state lacks
• Legitimacy and authority
• Capacity to provide public/collective goods
• Sound economic management
• A sense of collective interest and inclusiveness
• VNSA Types
• Warlords
• Militias
• Paramilitary Forces
• Insurgencies
• Terrorist Organizations
• Criminal Organizations/Youth Gangs

27
Violent Non-State Actors and National and
International Security Phil Williams,
International Relations and Security Network
(ISN), Nov 2008
28
Leveraging of Proxy Forces

• (US/UK) French partisans vs. Germany/Vichy
  (France)
• (US) Sicilian Mafia vs. Germany (WWII Sicily)
• (US) Hmong in SE Asia vs. N. Vietnamese
  operations (Laos)
• (US) Contras vs. Sandinista Junta (Nicaragua)
• (US) Mujahideen vs. Soviets (Afghanistan)
• (Iran/Syria) Hezbollah vs. Israel (Lebanon)
• (KSA/Iran/Egypt(?)) Hamas vs. Israel (Gaza)
• (Russia) Criminal actors/separatists vs. Georgia
  (S. Ossetia/ Abkhazia)

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What is securitization?Copenhagen School A new
framework for analysis, (Buzan, Waever and de
Wilde)

• Securitization Representation of an issue as an
  existential threat in which the sheer utterance
  of threat constitutes the action that
  establishes something as a security Issue and
  hence justifies all actions outside the normal
  bounds of politics to deal with it.

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Who and How

• Who are securitizing actors?
• Governments, political elites, military, and
  civil societythose actors who securitize an
  issue by articulating the existence of threat(s)
  to the survival of specific referent objects
• How is a process of securitization completed?
• Securitizing actors use the language of security
  (to convince a specific audience of the
  existential nature of the threat. The act of
  securitization is complete once the relevant
  audience is convinced of the existential threat
  to the referent object

31
Recent examples?
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Power in International Relations

• Power as a goal of states or leaders
• Power as a measure of influence or control over
  outcomes, events, actors and issues
• Power as reflecting victory in conflict and the
  attainment of security
• Power as control over resources and capabilities

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Power as a goal

• Who is the only Super Power in the world?
• Economic growth
• Military growth
• Cultural spread
• Religious spread

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Power as influence

• An actor's ability to exercise influence over
  other actors within the international system
• coercive
• attractive
• cooperative
• competitive
• Mechanisms of influence can include the threat
  or use of force, economic interaction or
  pressure, diplomacy, and cultural exchange

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Soft versus Hard power

• Instruments of soft power
• debates on cultural values,
• dialogues on ideology,
• influence through good example,
• appeal to commonly accepted human values.
• Means of exercising soft power
• diplomacy
• dissemination of information
• propaganda and cultural programming to achieve
  political ends.

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• Hard power refers to coercive tactics
• threat or use of armed forces
• economic pressure or sanctions
• assassination and subterfuge
• other forms of intimidation
• Hard power is generally associated to the
  stronger of nations, as the ability to change the
  domestic affairs of other nations through
  military threats.

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Tutorial Assignments

• Video Hamas Wins Palestinian Election
• Which do you think is more important in the
  current era, promoting democracy or keeping
  terrorist groups from increasing their power?
• Video The Cold War
• What was the Cold War? Was it really a war?
• Invasion of Iraq 2002 and North Koreas nuclear
  capabilities are recent examples of hard power
  and soft power, tell us about these issues.

38

Security Studies is threats to survival but those
threats are far reaching


39
Defining Traditional Security

• Traditional security dominated by realist theory
  of international politics
• It is about geo-politics, deterrence, power
  balancing and military strategy
• The state and its defence from external military
  attacks is the exclusive focus of security
  policy
• Security confined to deliberate threats
  (primarily of a military nature) to physical
  security of state

40
What is Non-Traditional Security (NTS)?

• It focuses primarily on non-military challenges
  to security
• Post cold war era, reduced justification for huge
  expenditure for ensuring state security
• NTS incorporates the state as a primary referent
  object of security but also moves beyond it by
  including other issues like human security

41
What is Referent Object?

• The traditional policy of national security,
  where the referent object of security is the
  state, is now accompanied by a new policy of
  human security, which emphasizes the individual
  as the referent object of security.

42
Traditional Coercive diplomacy The Role Of Intelligence Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism Humanitarian intervention Energy security The Defence Trade
Non-Traditional Health and security food water Transnational Crime Child soldiers
43
What do these NTS issues have in common?

• They are all trans-national in character and
  defined in political and socio-economic terms and
  not in military terms
• Not new security concerns but intensified and
  spread by forces of globalization

44
6 Sectors of Security
45
Military Security

• State perceiving security through military power
• against external threats
• What about the USA after 9/11?

46
Regime Security

• A security sector configured to protect a regime
  rather than human security

47
Societal Security

• Societal security can be defined as the
  maintenance of distinct ethno-national and
  religious identities
• Societies are units formed by a sense of
  collective identity
• Where collective identity is defined it enables
  the word we to be used

48
Environmental Security

• Environmental security maybe defined as the
  ability of individuals to avoid or adapt to
  environmental change so that things that are
  important to their well-being are not
  substantially negatively affected.

49
What is securitization?Copenhagen School A new
framework for analysis, (Buzan, Waever and de
Wilde)

• Securitization Representation of an issue as an
  existential threat in which the sheer utterance
  of threat constitutes the action that
  establishes something as a security Issue and
  hence justifies all actions outside the normal
  bounds of politics to deal with it.

50
Who and How

• Who are securitizing actors?
• Governments, political elites, military, and
  civil societythose actors who securitize an
  issue by articulating the existence of threat(s)
  to the survival of specific referent objects
• How is a process of securitization completed?
• Securitizing actors use the language of security
  (to convince a specific audience of the
  existential nature of the threat. The act of
  securitization is complete once the relevant
  audience is convinced of the existential threat
  to the referent object

51
Recent examples?
52
In the case of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, one
could say that the conflict was securitized
militarily, weapons of mass destruction was one
reason used for the invasion. However, the war
was also securitized as a societal problem, human
rights in Saddam's Iraq was mentioned to gain
public support.
53
Cohesive Diplomacy

• Use of threats and limited force to influence the
  adversary to stop or undo something it has
  already embarked upon

54

• Iraq
• North Korea
• Military threats are not effective
• Iran
• Military threats are not effective

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Deterrence StrategyCold War

• Military strategy whereby one power uses the
  threat of reprisal to preclude an attack from an
  adversary
• It relies on two basic conditions
• the ability to retaliate after a surprise attack
  must be perceived as credible
• retaliation must be perceived as a possibility,
  if not a certainty

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Global Interdependences Conflict

• During the past 50 years global interdependencies
  have increased tremendously driven by
• Technological advances (for example,
  communications)
• Increase in the volume and scale of economic
  activities
• Resource scarcity
• International migration
• Greater interdependencies have created the
  potential for greater conflict as well

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The Nature of Global Conflict

• Economic Conflict
• Conflict over resources
• Conflict over trade
• Conflict over externalities

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The Nature of Global Conflict

• Non-Economic Conflict
• Ideological conflict
• Religious Conflict
• Conflict over spheres of political influence

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Types of Global Conflict

• Violent Conflict
• Full-scale wars
• Low-intensity armed conflict
• Violent revolts, separatist and independence
  movements
• Terrorism

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Types of Global Conflict

• Non-violent conflict
• Non-violent economic conflict
• (trade wars, patent disputes, etc.)
• Environmental disputes and disputes over
  resources
• Non-violent protests
  (political
  in nature or against the policies of any
  government)
• Non-violent independence and separatist movements

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Tutorial Discussion Papers

• What was the Cold War?
• Who
• When
• Where
• What
• Why
• How

63
Tutorial Discussion Papers

• International Relations Theories
• Realism
• Liberalism
• Idealism
• Constructivism

64
Tutorial Discussion Papers

• What is Globalisation?
• Who
• When
• Where
• What
• Why
• How

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Tutorial Discussion Papers

• Securitization The case of Iraq
• Who
• When
• Where
• What
• Why
• How

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Readings

• Definitions of security and security studies
• International and global security in the
  post-cold war era.
• The Globalization of World Politics - An
  Introduction to International Relations, Fourth
  Edition, Edited by John Baylis, Steve Smith, and
  Patricia Owens
• Securitization in international relations
• The Renaissance of Security Studies, Stephen M.
  Walt International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35,
  No. 2. (Jun., 1991), pp. 211- 39.

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Videos

• The Cold War http//www.youtube.com/watch?vEKexf1
  66TKk
• A New Global Security P.2 Iraq and Iran -
  04.2010_at_Harvard Uni
• www.youtube.com/watch?vQPGMhT3PuKA