Do Now:

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Do Now

1. Identify each animal identify each as either a
   primary consumer or secondary consumer.
2. Identify the relationship between them.
3. Explain how these organisms are important to each
   other.

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Do Now

1. primary consumer secondary consumer
2. Predator/Prey relationship.
3. Importance in terms of population
   control/balance/health/evolution.

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• Chapter 5
• Ecosystems living organisms

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Evolution

• A process of change through time

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Theory of Evolution

1. Suggests that existing forms of life on earth
   have evolved from earlier forms over long periods
   of time
2. Evolution accounts for the differences in
   structures, function, and behavior among life
   forms as well as changes that occur in
   populations over many generations

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(C) Charles Darwin
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1. Overproduction

• Within a population, there are more offspring
  produced in each generation than can possibly
  survive.

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2. Competition

• Natural resources like food, water, and space
  available to a population is limited
• Because there are many organisms with similar
  nutritional requirements, there must be
  competition between them for the resources needed
  to survive

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(C) Darwin

• Charles Darwin devised a theory of evolution
  based on variation and natural selection as seen
  in the Galapagos islands.
• Included in his theory were six main ideas
• 1. Overproduction
• 2. Competition
• 3. Survival of the Fittest
• 4. Natural Selection
• 5. Reproduction
• 6. Speciation

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Do Now

• List the six main ideas of Darwins Theory of
  Evolution
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.
• 6.

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Competition

• Different species living in the same environment,
  or habitat, may require the same resources.
• When the resources are limited, competition
  occurs among the species.
• Intraspecific competition within a population

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Competition

• 2.Competition- is the struggle between different
  species for the same limited resources.
• The more similar the needs of the species, the
  more intense the competition.
• Interspecific competition between different
  species.

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Competition

• 3.Each species occupies a niche in the community.
  A niche is the role the species plays, and
  includes the type of food it eats, where it
  lives, where it reproduces, and its relationships
  with other species.

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Competition

• 4.When two different species compete for the same
  niche in a community, the weaker species is
  usually eliminated establishing one species per
  niche in a community.

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Do now

• How do the processes of _______ contribute to
  natural selection?
• overproduction of offspring
• individual variation among individuals in a
  population
• environmental limits on population growth
  (natural selection)
• differential reproductive success
• HINT Do not simply describe these four
  observations connect them into an integrated
  response.

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Do Now Sample Answer

• Because more offspring are produced in a
  population than survive to reproduce and because
  individuals vary within the population, some
  individuals will be better adapted (more fit) for
  the current environmental conditions. These
  individuals have a greater likelihood of
  reproducing and passing their fitness to their
  offspring. As a population approaches the
  carrying capacity of its environment, the
  individuals with the greatest fitness are most
  likely to survive and reproduce.
• This is an ongoing process as organisms respond
  to changes, however minute, in their environment.

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Do Now

• Define ecological niche and explain the role of
  limiting resources in the determination of an
  organism's ecological niche.

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Do Now Answer

• Every organism is thought to have its own role,
  or ecological niche, within the structure and
  function of an ecosystem. An ecological niche is
  basically determined by all of a species
  structural, physiological, and behavioral
  adaptations. Any resource at a suboptimal level
  relative to an organisms need for it or at a
  level in excess of an organisms tolerance for it
  is a limiting resource.
• The resources can include mineral content of
  soil, extremes of temperature, and amount of
  precipitation. The limiting resources can affect
  part of an organisms life cycle. For example,
  the ring-necked pheasant was introduced in North
  American but didnt survive in the southern
  United States because the eggs cant develop
  properly in the warm southern temperatures.

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• Limiting Factors Gauses Experiments

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• Limiting Factors Gauses Experiments

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• Which type of Competition?

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• Interspecific Competition!

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• Competitive Exclusion one species is excluded
  from a portion of a niche by another as a result
  of interspecific competition.
• (2 species with identical niches cant coexist.)

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Do Now

• The Norway rat and the black rat were both
  introduced to this country from Europe. The
  Norway rat is found only in cities and inhabits
  most cities in the U.S. The black rat can live
  in cities and rural areas but in New Jersey is
  ONLY found in rural areas. Some cities in New
  Jersey, which previously had only black rats, now
  have only Norway rats. Discuss this phenomenon
  in terms of competitive exclusion, resource
  partitioning and limiting resources.

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Do Now Answers

• No two species can indefinitely occupy the same
  niche in the same community because competitive
  exclusion eventually occurs.
• Interspecific competition for limiting resources
  will result in the competitive exclusion of one
  of the species. In this particular case, the
  black rat was driven from the cities through
  competition of resources with the Norway rat.
• The two species of rats do not show evidence of
  resource partitioning that would allow the rats
  to coexist in the same habitat. Instead the
  black rat has confined its habitat to the rural
  areas while the Norway rat has taken over city
  existence.

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Limiting Factors Gauses Experiments
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• Variations among members of a population make
  some of them better adapted to the environment
  than others
• It is generally the best-adapted individuals that
  will survive.
• The environment is the agent of natural selection
  determining which species will survive.

3. Survival of the Fittest
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Survival of the Fittest
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Survival of the Fittest
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(4) Natural Selection

• Traits which are beneficial to the survival of
  an organism in a particular environment tend to
  be retained and passed on, and therefore,
  increase in frequency within a population.
  (variation)

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(4) Natural Selection

• Traits which have low survival value to an
  organism tend to diminish in frequency from
  generation to generation.

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(4) Natural Selection

• If environmental conditions change, traits that
  have low survival value may now have a greater
  survival value.
• Therefore, traits that prove to be favorable
  under new environmental conditions will increase
  in frequency. (differential reproductive success)

Industrial Melanism
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Do Now

• Charles Darwin concluded that inherited traits
  favorable to survival would be preserved over
  time.
• Look at this graph of a DDT spray program aimed
  at eliminating a mosquito species. Explain the
  data contained in the graph at point I VI and
  relate the graphs data to Darwins conclusion.

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Answer

• The mosquito population is at a sustainable level
  (I). When DDT is initially introduced into the
  population, the population of mosquitoes declines
  (II) as most of the mosquitoes have no resistance
  to the DDT chemical.
• However due to natural variations within the
  mosquito population, a few mosquitoes do have a
  trait (resistance to DDT) that improves their
  chances of survival and reproductive success
  (III).
• Those individuals that possess the most favorable
  combination of characteristics (better adapted
  for the DDT environment) are more likely to
  survive, reproduce, and pass their traits to the
  next generation differential reproductive
  success (IV).
• As the spray program ends, the mosquito
  population grows (V) until it reaches a size
  where the limiting resources of the environment
  would keep the extent of the population level (I
  and VI).

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Do Now

• How did an Insects resistant to insecticides
  occur?

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Ex Insects resistant to insecticides

• Genetic make-up of some insects make them
  resistant to the effects of insecticides
• Before the widespread use of insecticides, this
  trait was of no particular survival value
• With the increased use of insecticides, this
  trait developed a very high survival value
• Therefore, insects with resistance to
  insecticides survived and reproduced much more
  successfully than those lacking the trait
• As a result, the frequency of insecticide
  resistance has increased greatly in insect
  populations
• Important! The trait already exists within the
  genetic make-up of the organism.

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Ex Rats resistant to rodenticidesNot Immune!
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5. Reproduction

• Individuals that survive and then reproduce
  transmit these variations to their offspring

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Do Now

• The diagram represents a tree containing three
  different species of warbler, A, B, and C. Each
  species occupies a different niche. A fourth
  species, D, which has the same environmental
  requirements as species B, enters the tree at
  point X. Members of species B will most likely 
• (1.) live in harmony with species D 
• (2.) move to a different level and live with
  species A or species C 
• (3.) stay at that level but change their diet 
• (4.) compete with species D

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• Natural selection can favor Resource
  Partitioning differences in resource use among
  species.

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Resource Partitioning
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Effect of community complexity on Species richness
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6. Speciation

• The development of a new species occurs as
  variations or adaptations accumulate in a
  population over many generations.
• Ex primitive human ? present man?
• Canis lupus ? Canis familiaris?

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Speciation? El Chupacabra
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Prehistoric Giant Sloth modern 3 toed Sloth
Speciation
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• How does the Iiwi and Lobelia demonstrate
  Coevolution?

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Answer

• Coevolution is the mutual evolutionary influence
  between two species (the evolution of two species
  totally dependent on each other).

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Predation

• Predators exert strong selective pressures upon
  their prey. Coevolution is the result.
• Example
• Brain size in Sperm whales 7,820g in response
  to Giant Squid.
• Human 1,500g

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CoEvolution

• Symbiosis is a result of Coevolution.
• Plants and pollinators proboscis
• Honeybee hairy bodies?pollen transport
• Honeycreepers curved bill

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Convergent Evolution

• Organisms evolve similar structures though they
  are not closely related.
• Ex Human eye
• the Squid eye

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Do Now

• Consider species A and B within an ecological
  community. These species might interact in
  various ways that represent gains, losses, or no
  effect to the two species.
• In 4 of the 6 cells below, enter the terms that
  describe the types of interactions might be
  occurring between species A and B in the
  community.

SPECIES A SPECIES A SPECIES A SPECIES A SPECIES A
SPECIES B Positive Negative Neutral
SPECIES B Positive
SPECIES B Negative
SPECIES B Neutral
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Do Now
SPECIES A SPECIES A SPECIES A SPECIES A SPECIES A
SPECIES B Positive Negative Neutral
SPECIES B Positive mutualism Predation (Species A is prey) Parasitism (Species A is host) Competitive exclusion of Species A commensalsim
SPECIES B Negative Predation (Species A is predator) Parasitism (Species A is parasite) Competition Limiting resources --
SPECIES B Neutral commensalism -- Resource partitioning
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Evolution of Diversity classificationThe
older 5 Kingdom system

• 1. Monera
• 2. Protista
• 3. Fungi
• 4. Plant
• 5. Animal

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?
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• A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user
  to determine the identity of items in the natural
  world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals,
  reptiles, rocks, and fish.
• Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the
  user to the correct name of a given item.
  "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts".
  Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two
  choices in each step.

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Step 1 The organism is unicellular Go To Step 2
  The organism is multicellular Go To Step 3
     
Step 2 Is prokaryotic Monera (to further break down) Go To step 5
  Is Eukaryotic Protista
     
Step 3 I am autotrophic Green Plants
  I am heterotrophic Go To Step 4
     
Step 4 I absorb my nutrients from the environment Fungi
  I ingest my nutrients Animals
     
Step 5 Primitive bacteria (Extremophyles) Archeobacteria
  True bacteria Eubacteria
     
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• Six -dom Taxonomic System

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3 Major Domains
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• Rotting Log Community

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Do Now

• Draw a flow diagram of an old field undergoing
  succession. What type of succession is this?

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Do Now answer

• The change in an old field over the years is an
  example of secondary succession.
• First year after cultivation ceases, crabgrass
  dominates -gtsecond year, horseweed -gtthird year,
  other weeds such as broomsedge, ragweed, aster
  -gtyears 5-15, pines -gt oaks and other hardwoods

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Ecosystem Formation

• Ecosystems tend to change over a long period of
  time until a stable ecosystem is formed.
• Both the living and nonliving parts of an
  ecosystem change.

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Ecological Succession

• The replacement of one kind of community with
  another is called ecological succession.
• The kind of stable ecosystem that develops in a
  particular geographical area depends on climate.
• Pioneer organisms- are the first plants to
  populate an area. Lichens and algae may be
  pioneer organisms on bare rock.
• Climax Communities- Succession ends with the
  development of a climax community in which the
  populations of plants and animals exist in
  balance with each other and the environment.

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• Ecological Succession

Grasses ?shrubs ? poplars (cottonwoods) ? pine
trees ? oak
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2. Symbiotic Relationships

• Different organisms may live together in a close
  association.
• This is known as symbiosis.
• There are three types
• 1. Commensalism 2. Mutualism 3. Parasitism
• KEY
• benefits
• - harmed
• o not affected

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Commensalism

• ( , o)
• In this relationship, one organism benefits and
  the other is not affected.
• Ex barnacles on a whale

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Commensalism

• ( , o)
• Epiphytes (mosses, orchids, ferns, bromeliad )
  attach themselves to tree bark and obtain their
  nutrients without harm to the trees.

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Mutualism

• ( , )
• In this relationship both organisms benefit from
  each other.
• Ex protozoan living in the digestive tract of
  termites.
• Wood eaten by termites is digested by the
  protozoan. The nutrients released supply both
  organisms.

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Mutualism

• ( , )
• In this relationship both organisms benefit from
  each other.
• Ex

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Mycorrhizae ( , )

• In this relationship both organisms benefit from
  each other.
• Ex Red Cedar and mycorrhizal fungi.

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Parasitism

• ( , - )
• In this relationship, the parasite benefits at
  the expense of the host.
• Ex athletes foot fungus on humans
• tapeworm and heartworm in dogs.

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Parasitism

• ( , - )
• Pathogens (disease causing agents) are parasites
  that often cause the death of its host.
• Crown gall disease in plants.

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Parasite/Host Relationship Guinea worm/Human
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Parasite/Host Relationship Sea Lamprey/Fish
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Parasitism

• Parasite/Host Relationship
• Varroa mite/Honeybee

Tracheal mites
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Do Now

• Define keystone species and discuss two examples
  of organisms that are keystone species.

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Do Now Answer

• A keystone species is vital in determining the
  nature and structure of an entire ecosystem.
• The keystone species is often a predator, which
  exerts a profound influence on a community in
  excess of that expected by its relative
  abundance.
• Keystone species are usually not the most
  abundant species in the ecosystem.
• One examples
• the fig tree in a rainforest ecosystem. The fig
  tree is important in sustaining fruit-eating
  vertebrates. While a supplemental fruit normally,
  during the time of year when other fruits are
  less plentiful, the fig trees sustain the
  fruit-eating vertebrates such as the monkeys,
  birds, and bats.
• in a different ecosystem is the gray wolf. The
  gray wolf is a top predator. If it were
  eliminated from the ecosystem, the population of
  deer and other herbivores would increase
  exhibiting grazing pressure and a loss of
  vegetation. That loss would result in shortfall
  of habitat and food for smaller animals and
  insects, thus decreasing the biodiversity of the
  ecosystem.

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Keystone species

• These determine the nature and structure of an
  entire ecosystem. Usually found in small numbers
  but have a key influence.
• Examples Wolves, Fig Trees

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Do Now

• Gray wolves originally ranged across North
  America but were removed from Yellowstone and the
  American Rocky Mountains in the 1930s. The gray
  wolf was listed as an endangered species in 1974.
  In an effort to increase their numbers, a small
  number of gray wolves were re-released into
  Yellowstone
• National Park in 1995. The wolves prey on elk,
  deer, moose, and bison. They have decimated some
  coyote populations and also threaten some
  ranchers livestock.
• Identify and describe TWO major causes for the
  original decline of this species.
• Describe TWO measures that have been taken to
  protect this species.
• Make an ecological argument for protecting the
  gray wolf OR make an economic argument against
  protecting the gray wolf.

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Do Now Answers

• Originally the gray wolf was trapped, poisoned,
  snared, and hunted to extinction in most places
  by fur traders and ranchers.
• Under the provisions of the Endangered Species
  Act, wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains were
  listed as endangered in 1974. Because the gray
  wolf is on the endangered species list, the
  Endangered Species Act forbids killing of an
  endangered species. In addition, a program to
  reintroduce a small number of gray wolves into
  Yellowstone National Park has helped the
  population of wolves thrive. In the Yellowstone
  park area, the wolf was declared an experimental
  nonessential in the area so that ranchers can
  kill Yellowstone wolves that attack their cattle
  and sheep, and federal officers can remove any
  wolf that threatens humans or livestock.
• FOR The intensive hunting by wolf packs has
  helped reduce the all-time high Yellowstones elk
  population, which in turn has relieved heavy
  grazing pressure by elks on aspen, willow, and
  cottonwood. As a result of a more lush and
  varied plant composition, herbivores such as
  beavers and snow hares have increased in number,
  which in turn support small predators such as
  foxes, badgers, and martens.
• The reduction of the coyote population has
  allowed an increase in coyote

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Case Study

• "The Effects of Coyote Removal in TexasA Case
  Study in Conservation Biology"
• byMargaret CarrollDepartment of
  BiologyFramingham State College

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Case Study

• The Wolf, the Moose, and the Fir TreeWho
  Controls Whom on Isle Royale?A case study of
  trophic interactionsbyGary M.
  FortierDepartment of Small Animal Science
  Delaware Valley College

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Do Now

• Reintroduction plans?
• Grand Mesa Colorado is drawing up a proposal to
  adopt the procedures used by Yellowstone National
  Park
• To reestablish a Grey Wolf population.
• What factors would you need to consider for this
  plan to be successful.

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Do Now Answers things to consider

• Yellowstone National Park
• Mountain lions
• Major Prey species
• Bison
• Moose
• Elk (migratory)
• Mule Deer
• White Tail Deer
• Antelope
• Large protected geography
• Varied topography (elevations)

• Grand Mesa Colorado
• (Western CO)
• Mountain lions
• Major Prey Species
• Elk (migratory)
• Mule Deer
• Major Cattle Farming
• Fragmented lands
• Private commercial properties

Sounds like?
Successful
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Do Now

• List and describe three animal prey defenses
  against predators.

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Answer

• When confronted by a predator, animals have many
  defensive adaptations. Woodchucks flee into
  their underground burrows. Porcupines and
  turtles have mechanical defenses, barbed quills
  and hard shells.
• Some animals live in groups for protection. This
  social behavior decreases the likelihood of a
  predator catching one of them. The South
  American poison arrow frog has poison glands in
  its skin and bright warning coloration. Other
  animals use camouflage to blend into their
  surroundings

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Do Now

• Explain the circumstances under which a prey
  organism would have coloration that would make it
  more visible to a predator.
• Include three specific examples of organisms that
  use this strategy.

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Do Now Answers

• If a prey has a chemical defense such as a
  poison, toxin, or acrid spray, then it can afford
  to have a bright warning coloration that would
  caution experienced predators to avoid it. For
  example the white stripe on a black skunk is very
  recognizable and associated with acrid chemicals
  sprayed from its anal glands.
• The poison arrow frog is brightly colored and has
  poison glands in its skin. Likewise some
  poisonous snakes have bright coloration

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Defensive Adaptations

• Defenses against Predators
• Warning coloration
• poison, toxin, or acrid spray
• Camouflage
• Mimicry
• Cryptic
• Plant defenses against herbivores
• Thorns, toxins, poison berrys

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Defensive Adaptations in Animals

• Mimicry resemblance to another species.
• Ex Io moth

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Defensive Adaptations in Animals

• Mimicry resemblance to another species.
• Ex Monarch and Vicorory Butterfly

Danaus plexippus
Limenitis archippus
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Observational Extra credit Identify these 2
snakes. How do you know which one is venous?
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Defensive Adaptations in Animals

• Mimicry resemblance to another species.
• Ex Coral snake vs. King Snake

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Defensive Adaptations in Animals

• Chemical defenses Sprays or by
• Warning Coloration avoidance of predators by
  unpalatable animals.
• Ex Poison Dart Frog.

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Defensive Adaptations in Animals
Crypsis (cryptic coloration) (Camouflage)

• Blending into the surroundings for avoidance of
  predators by palatable animals.
• Ex Leafy Sea Dragon

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Defensive Adaptations in Animals

• Crypsis(cryptic coloration) (Camouflage)
  Blending into the surroundings for avoidance of
  predators by palatable animals.
• Ex Weedy Sea Dragon

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What do you see?
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• What do you see?

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What do you see?
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• Predator/Prey Relationships!

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• Predator/Prey Relationships
• Data collected from fur pelts from the Hudson
  Bay Company

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• Studies have shown that Endocrine changes in
  populations may produce behavioral changes which
  tend to limit population growth. Therefore all
  population changes may not be due to
  predator/prey relationships alone.

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• Green Anole (indigenous) restricted by the
  Brown Anole (foreign).

Green Anole
Brown Anole
Brown Anoles affected the realized Niche of the
Green Anoles.
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• Cichlids (indigenous) restricted by the
• Nile Perch (foreign).

http//www.african-angler.co.uk/210.jpg
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• Lake Victoria is about the size of the Republic
  of Ireland, forms the headwaters of the River
  Nile.