Natural Selections Farms Spinach Field

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Natural Selections Farms Spinach Field
with Harvest Rows
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Evolution of US Land Grant Institutions System

• Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862
• Hatch Act of 1867
• Second Morrill Land Grant Act of 1890
• Smith-Lever Act of 1914

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Morrill Land Grant of 1862

• . . . the endowment, support, and maintenance of
  at least one college where the leading object
  shall be, without excluding other scientific and
  classical studies, and including military
  tactics, to teach such branches of learning as
  are related to agricultural and mechanical arts,
  in such manner as the legislatures of the states
  may respectively prescribe, in order to promote
  the liberal and practical education of the
  industrial classes in the several pursuits and
  professions of life

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Hatch Act of 1867

• Authorized the federal funding for an
  agricultural experimental station in connection
  with each land grant institution.

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Second Morrill Land Grant Act of 1890

• Agreed to supplement by direct appropriation
  the income from the Morrill Land Grant Act of
  1862. To receive the money a state had to show
  that race or color was not an admission criterion
  to the states land grant institution, or else
  designate a separate land grant institution for
  people of color.

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Smith-Lever Act of 1914

• Established the system of cooperative extension
  services to bring people the benefits of current
  developments in the field of agriculture, home
  economics, and related topics. Came to encompass
  a program of on-campus instruction, research, and
  off-campus extension work.

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WHEAT!
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Wheat Prehistory, History

• 10000BPmutation or hybridization on emmer in
  Fertile Crescent
• 8000BPto make flat cakes in Switzerland
• 4-5000BPEgyptians make leavened bread
• 2200BPRomans form first bakers guilds
• 1200ADEngland adopted laws to regulate prices
  and limit profits of bread

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Forms of Wheat

• Emmerlow yielding. No hull due to mutation.
  Staple cereal of prehistorical Middle East and
  key reason why early agriculture worked.
• Einkornmore resistant to cold, drought. Major
  reason why Bronze Age Europeans had worn teeth.
• Modern wheat varieties are the result of
  mutations of the above two.

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Wheat Characteristics

• Largest single food crop on earth
• Most wheat made directly into human food
• Easily stored and transported if kept dry
• Not a very high yielding (or profitable) crop
• Thus not commonly grown in prime agricultural
  areas
• And thus may expand into areas unsuitable for
  crop agriculture during periods of high
  demandUSSR Virgin and Idle Lands Scheme, US
  Dust Bowl
• Two types for end usehard and soft

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Global Wheat Economy

• Many major producers consume nearly all they
  produceIndia and China, for example
• Major exportersless populated semi-arid
  grassland/prairie areas
• Pampas of Argentina, Uruguay
• Murray-Darling Valley of SE Australia
• Ukraine steppes
• US and Canada plains and prairies

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US Wheat Yield, 1920-2000
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Mid-American Grasslands
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US Wheat Classes

• Durumvery hard, for semolina flour
• Hard Red Spring hard, high protein, used in
  bread and hard baked goods
• Hard Red Winter hard, high protein, used in
  bread and hard baked goods
• Soft Red Winter used in many products
• Soft White low gluten content, used to make
  pasteries
• Albino newly used albino version of red wheat
  used to make a whole wheat white breadsoft and
  mushy, but with 3 times the fiber

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Hard Red Winter Wheat Region
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Hard Red Spring Wheat Region
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Durum, Soft Red Winter Wheat Regions
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White Wheat Region
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Role (and advantage) of Chicago (and, later,
others as well)

• Rail Centertrunk lines and feeder systems
• Mechanical Farming InnovationsJohn Deeres plow
  and McCormicks reaper
• Elevators
• Chicago Board of Trade

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US Wheat Production by State, 1859-1994
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Bagged, Stacked Wheat
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US Wheat Flour Manufacture by
State, 1870-1987
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US Railroads, 1830. 1840, 1850
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US Railroads, 1860
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US Railroads, 1880
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Chicago Board of Trade

• Established March 1848
• Established uniform weight of a bushel of wheat
  at 60 pounds
• Adopted and firmly enforced a grading system for
  all wheat
• Created an independent inspection system to
  ensure that everyone followed the rule
• Thus ensuring that sellers and buyers could trade
  at a distance (telegraph) with confidence

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Change, and the Future

• Growth in average farm size
• Competition with corn, soybeans
• Competition with Argentina, Brazil, others
• High cost of energy
• Water supplyirrigation in a dry land

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