Chapter 25, then Ch. 24

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BiologyMr. Galloway
Chapter 25, then Ch. 24 Viruses Bacteria
25 - Viruses 24 - Bacteria
Recommended Website
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No one knows more about Russia's astounding
experiments with biowarfare than Ken Alibek. This
former mastermind behind Russia's germ warfare
effort reveals two decades of shocking
breakthroughs...how Moscow's leading scientists
actually reengineered hazardous microbes to make
them even more virulent...the secrets behind the
discovery of an invisible, untraceable new class
of biological agents just right for use in
political assassinations...the startling story
behind Russia's attempt to turn a sample of the
AIDS virus into the ultimate bioweapon. And in
a chilling work of real-world intrigue, Biohazard
offers us all a rare glimpse into a shadowy
scientific underworld where doctors manufacture
mass destruction, where witnesses to errors are
silenced forever, and where ground zero is closer
than we ever dared believe.
From Library JournalBiological weapons in the
former Soviet Union where are they now?
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Ch 25 - Viruses ? What are they? From God?
Ebola Virus
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Genital Herpes
AIDS
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VirusesAlien Invaders
Viruses are NON-living particles that invade
living cells. Viruses do not use energy to
grow, or respond to surroundings. Viruses
reproduce by invading living cells and forcing
them to make more viruses. They destroy the
living cell in the process.
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All viruses are parasites - They destroy living
cells of a host. Parasite organisms that live
on or in a host and cause harm to the host. Host
a living thing that provides a source of energy
for a virus or an organism.
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So, where and when did viruses originate? Remember
, Gods punishes rebellion by withdrawing His
hand of protection (especially from diseases).

• Genesis 129-31 (God calls all of creation very
  good.)
• (No disease and no death)
• Gen 3 (Sin separation cause thorns and
  thistles)
• Lev 13-15 (God gives laws to protect against
  microbes)
• Num 12 (God withdraws protection from Mosess
  racist sister.)
• Rom 1 (God withdraws disease protection from
  homosexuals.)
• Mat 2421-22 Rev 67-8 Zech 14
• (Tribulation period will include bioterror
  plagues.)

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• It is possible that Satan and the fallen angels
  genetically engineered viruses after the fall.
• - Only God can create real life.
• - Viruses are not living things.
• - They are like genetic computer code viruses,
  designed to subvert and destroy the goodness of
  Gods creation, causing suffering and death.

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The box in the diagrams at the left entitled,
Evolutionary Relationships is an erroneous
assumption based upon the philosophical belief in
macroevolution. Remember, macroevolution claims
that vertical change from one kind of creature
(population) can occur due to the hypothesized
mechanism of mutations. Yet, it is now known
that mutations never add new genetic information.
(See Dr. Spetners book, NOT BY CHANCE.
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HIV Virus
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Lytic Cycle
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Lysogenic Cycle
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Viral Diseases
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HIV Virus Causes AIDS
Glycoprotein
RNA Genome
Reverse Transcriptase
Capsid
Envelope
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Lytic Cycle
Attachment
Entry
Replication
Assembly
Release
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Naming Viruses NOT by binomial
nomenclature, since they are not alive.
Named after scientists, diseases, hosts - Human
Immunodeficiency Virus - Tobacco Mosaic Virus
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Classification

• Bacteriophages infect bacterial cells usually
  with negative effects on the cell
• Animal Viruses infect invertebrates
  vertebrates entering by endocytosis and exiting
  by exocytosis
• Plant Viruses rely on insects to provide an
  opening for entry mostly RNA viruses
• Viroids naked snippets of RNA causing plant
  disease
• Prions infectious protein particles

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Shapes and Sizes of Viruses Shapes helical,
round, rods, bricklike, bulletlike, or even ROBOT
like the Bacteriophage. Sizes 22 to 250
nanometers (nm 1 billionth of meter) Much
smaller than even a bacterium, 750 nm, like
the strep throat bacteria)Structure of Viruses
Two basic parts 1. Outer Protein Coat (locks
onto specific living cells) 2. Inner Genetic
Core (injected into a hosts cell)
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DNA Viruses

• Viral Group Size(nm) Structure
  Diseases
• Papovaviruses 45-55 Polyhederal
  Warts
• Adenoviruses 70-80 Polyhedral
  Respiratory
  Intestinal Infections,
  Conjunctivitis, Sore Throat
• Herpes viruses 150-200 Enveloped
  Herpes, Chickenpox,
  Polyhedral Shingles Infectious
  Mononucleosis
• Pox viruses 100-200 Helical
  Smallpox

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RNA Viruses

• Viral Group Size(nm) Structure
  Diseases
• Picornaviruses 20-30 Polyhedral
  Poliomyelitis, Infectious
  Hepatitis, Common Cold
• Myxoviruses 80-120 Enveloped
  Influenza A,B,C
  Helical
• Rhabdoviruse 70-180 Enveloped
  Rabies Helical
• Retrovirus 100
  Glycoprotien AIDS
  Enveloped Complex
  

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T4 Bacteriophage(bacteria eater)
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Bacteriophage Virus Eater

1. Genes
2. Head
3. Tail
4. Tail Fibers

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How Viruses Multiply Its genetic material is
injected into the cell and takes over the
cells programs. Directs the cell to make more
virus particles. New virus particles form
inside the host cell. Active (Virulent) Viruses
immediately begin multiplying inside the cell.
(Lytic Cycle) Hidden (Temperate) Viruses
injects integrates its genetic material into
the host genome. (Lysogenic)(Often waits until
the body of the host is weak from stress.)
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How a bacteriophage invades a living cell.
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Lytic Cycle Virulent Viruses

• Phase 1 Absorption
• Phase 2 Entry
• Phase 3 Replication
• Phase 4 Assembly
• Phase 5 Release

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http//www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/un
it2/viruses/adlyt.html
Absorption
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Penetration
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Replication and Maturation
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Lysogenic CycleTemperate Viruses

• Phase 1 Absorption
• Phase 2 Entry
• Virus becomes dormant until environmental change
  stimulates it. (often hosts stress)
• Phase 3 Replication
• Phase 4 Assembly
• Phase 5 Release

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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophage
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Viral Diseases (Colds, Flu, Herpes, Warts,
AIDS, measles, Rabies, etc.) Vaccine a
substance that stimulates the body to produce
chemicals that destroy viruses or bacteria.
Made of altered virus or bacteria. It causes
the body to be on alert for live invaders
similar to the vaccine ones.
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In my estimation Dr. Horowitz has unearthed a
covert operation run amok, that is bigger than
any secret operation in U.S. history, and more
momentous in its implications to humanity than
the atomic weapons "Manhattan Project" of World
War II. . . . MANDATORY READING. -JACK A.
KINGSTON, CHAIRMANNATIONAL SECURITY ADVISORY
BOARDWASHINGTON, DC
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• Emerging Viruses
• Horowitz's theories help explain the sudden
  emergence of several novel viral epidemics since
  1970. . . . He heavily documents that, in the
  late 1960s and early 1970s, cancer virus and
  bioweapons researchers were developing HIV-like
  viruses in their labs. Horowitz persuasively
  shows that there was strong motive to produce
  AIDS-like weapons. . . .."
• STEVEN KAUFFMAN, M.D.BOOK REVIEW, MEDICAL
  RESEARCH MODERNIZATION COMMITTEE REPORT
• "A well documented chronology of the AIDS virus
  research effort supporting the author's
  hypothesis that AIDS was the result of a
  manufactured virus created for military/population
  control objectives. Fascinating, well
  researched, referenced and written. Four stars
  out of five. "
• - BOOK REVIEW - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN
  ASSOCIATION OF FORENSIC DENTISTS

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Ch 24 - Bacteria

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One Bacterium
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Bacillus
Coccus
Spirochete
Streptococcus
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Insensitive
Moderately Sensitive
Insensitive
Very Sensitive
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Bacterial colonies in culture media in petri
dishes
E. coli (A common intestinal bacteria)
Streak Plate 4-quadrants
Colonies of various kinds
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Characteristics Structural Features

• Prokaryotic
• Most have a Cell wall
• Flagellum or Pili attached to cell wall
• Three Shapes
• Coccus spherical
• Bacillus rod or cylindrical
• Spirillum helical

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1. Archaebacteria (Unicellular) Prokarotes
no true nucleus Means ancient bacteria,
since evolutionists believe they evolved
first. Some live in extreme environments,
like very hot water near lava. Some are
autotrophs, and some are heterotrophs
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Archaebacteria

• Methanogens Methane-Makers
• inhabit swamps, mud, sewage, animal guts
• anaerobic respiration
• convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen to methane

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Archaebacteria

• Extreme Halophiles Salt-Lovers
• high salt environments
• pinkish-colored colonies
• heterotrophic aerobes

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Archaebacteria

• Thermoacidophiles Heat and Acid-Lovers
• thermal vents of the sea floor and mineral
  springs
• pH between 2 and 4
• temperatures exceeding 250 degrees C
• chemosynthetic using hydrogen sulfide

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2. Eubacteria (Unicellular prokaryotes)
True Bacteria Similar to archaebacteria,
but their chemical makeup is
different. Live all over the world,
including your body. Most are
harmless, some are very useful, a few are
harmful.
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Classification

• Gram reactions
• Cell shape
• Metabolic patterns
• Mode of nutrition

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Colony Types

• Diplo pairs of cells
• Staphylo clusters of cells
• Strepto chains of cells

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Streptococcus bacteria ?
Streptobacillus ?
?Staphylococcus bacteria
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Metabolic Diversity

• Photosynthetic Autotrophs
• Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs

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Bacterial Survival Needs source of food, a way
to break it down (respiration) to release energy,
etc.Autotrophs (some use photosynthesis, others
in deep oceans use chemical ways) Heterotrophs
(some make yogurt, cheese, apple
cider) Decomposers (recyclers) that live in
soil and break down chemicals in dead animals and
plants. Endospore a thick, rounded,
thick-walled, resting cell formed inside a
bacterial cell. Some bacteria form this when
the environment is to harsh for growth.
(Anthrax is an example.) Endospores can
resist freezing, heating, and drying.
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Eubacteria - types

• Cyanobacteria
• Chemosynthetic
• Nitrogen-fixing heterotrophs
• Spirochetes

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Cyanobacteria

• Photosynthetic
• Contain phycobilins
• Form heterocysts that produce nitrogen-fixing
  enzymes
• Blue-green bacteria

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Chemosynthetic

• Autotrophs
• Nitrifying bacteria
• convert nitrite to nitrate

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Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria

• Heterotrophs
• Mutualistic with plants
• live in nodules on plant roots

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Spirochetes

• Coiled bacteria
• Move with a corkscrew motion
• Flagella positioned within cell wall

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Reproduction in Bacteria Asexual Reproduction
involves only one parent producing identical
offspring. Binary Fission asexual
reproduction where one cell divides to make
two.Sexual Reproduction for animals it
involves two parents who combine genetic material
to produce offspring. But bacteria do not
produce baby bacteria this way. Their sexual
reproduction is by conjugation. Conjugation
one bacterium transfers genetic material to
another bacterium. (Then each later divides by
binary fission.)
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AsexualReproduction

• Binary Fission
• Results in two genetically identical daughter
  cells

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Sexual Reproduction - Bacterial Conjugation
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Garlic frightens off hospital superbugsHOSPITAL
superbugs - like vampires - appear to be
frightened of garlic.An ingredient in garlic is
said to be effective even against
highly-resistant strains of the notorious MRSA
bug, which has claimed many lives, according to
research.It can cure patients with
MRSA-infected wounds "within days", said
microbiologist Dr Ron Cutler.Allicin, which
occurs naturally in garlic, not only killed known
varieties of MRSA, but also new superbug
generations resistant to "last resort"
antibiotics. http//www.manchesteronline.co.uk/b
usiness/technology/stories/Detail_LinkStory76862.
html