Ad-Hoc Networking TIA Prime PSO with ETSI inputs

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Ad-Hoc NetworkingTIA Prime PSO with ETSI inputs
GSC9/GRSC_026
SOURCE TIA
TITLE Prime PSO Ad-Hoc Networking
AGENDA ITEM GRSC Item 5.3
CONTACT David Thompson, dthompson_at_tiaonline.org, 1.703.907.7749/7727 (Fax)
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GSC-9, Seoul
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Overview of Ad Hoc Networks
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Initial Architectures
- Low power sensors networks surveillance
web - small, relatively static, embedded ad hoc
networks bluetooth-type networks -
Small-to-medium sized, mobile ad hoc
networks 802.11-style
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Terminlology
Mobile Ad Hoc Networking Mobile, Multi-hop,
Wireless Networking Mobile Mesh Networking
Mobile Packet Networking
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Hybrid Communication Networks
Satellite overlay
High-speed backbone network
MANET
No fixed infrastructure
Fixed/static infrastructure
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Properties of Ad Hoc Networks

• Allows devices to establish communication,
  anytime and anywhere without the aid of a central
  infrastructure.
• Autonomous, self-organizing terminals
• Unknown number of terminals, may vary
• Topology unknown in advance, may vary
• Distributed routing
• Every terminal is a router
• Information needed for routing is learned
  adaptively
• Distributed network control
• Admission, security
• Flow control
• Quality of service

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)
Fixed Ad Hoc Networks (e.g., Mesh)
MOBILITY
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Mesh Networks

• Fixed or low-mobility wireless ad hoc networks
• Emphasis on self-configuration in a variety of
  situations, including failure of components
• Emphasis on adaptive, distributed network
  management

IEEE 802.11 ESS Mesh
Example Proposed extension to IEEE 802.11 to
specify means for a wireless ad hoc formation of
a backbone network of access points (APs) to form
an ESS
802.11 ESS (Extended service set)
802.11 BSS (Basic service set)
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

• High mobility
• Communication over
• wireless radio links
• Emphasis on rapid deployment of autonomous mobile
  users
• Decentralized structure
• Dynamic topology
• Stand-alone or connected to larger network via
  gateway
• Nodes in network can serve as routers and hosts
• Can forward packets on behalf of other nodes and
  run user apps.
• Contends with effects of radio communication
  interference or congestion
• Applicable to PPDR, military, commercial
  enterprise, etc.
• i.e., MANETs

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Smart Sensor Ad Hoc Networks

• Sensors spread across a geographical area
• Large number of (mostly stationary) sensors
• Low energy use
• Network self-organization
• Collaborative signal processing
• Querying ability
• Each sensor has wireless communication capability
  and sufficient intelligence for signal processing
  and networking of the data
• Node classifications Individually addressable,
  and whether the data in the network is aggregated
  
• Military, environmental, traffic, surveillance
• Can assist in the national efforts to increase
  alertness to potential terrorist threats.

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Network Architecture of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

• Peer-to-peer flat architecture, though may
  organize into clusters for network management
  purposes
• Adaptable to varying topology and traffic
  conditions
• Robust Degrades gracefully in face of node /
  link failures and local congestion
• Efficient (bandwidth, power consumption, user
  capacity) through multihop communications
  spatial reuse
• Possibility of QoS provision
• Scalable

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Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET)

• Dynamic topologies
• Bandwidth-constrained
• Asymmetric links with variable capacity
• Energy constrained
• Multiple technologies can be used simultaneously
  

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MANET Routing Algorithm Criteria

• Dynamic routing algorithms Must adapt to
• Entering/departing nodes
• Changes in link quality and terrain
• Traffic patterns and interference
• Rate of topological change
• Fast run time compared to rate of topology change
• Low overhead and storage requirements
• High throughput and low packet delay time
• Preserve network requirements (e.g., security)
• Efficient use of power

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MANET Routing Protocols(Present or past IETF
drafts, some inactive)

• Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
• Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
• Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
• Topology Broadcast based on Reverse-Path
  Forwarding (TBRPF)
• Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
• Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)
• Landmark Routing Protocol (LANMAR) for Large
  Scale Ad Hoc Networks
• Fisheye State Routing Protocol (FSR) for Ad Hoc
  Networks

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IETF MANET standardization

• MANET - established in 1997 chartered working
  group within Internet Engineering Task Force
  (IETF)
• Focussed on studying routing specification with
  the goal of supporting network scaling up to
  hundreds of routers
• Unicast routing protocol
• Multicast routing protocol
• Work on routing for large and small scale
  networks
• Work relies on the existing IETF standards such
  as mobile-IP and IP addressing
• For large-scale MANET the lack of interest has
  put this work in question
• Flooding work on requirements had started

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Comment on IETF MANET work

• Early approval constraints due to the
  accumulation of variant ad hoc routing protocols
  and the need to identify a killer application.
• Research now assigned to IRTF (research component
  of IETF), and the IETF group is working toward
  implementable unicast and multicast protocols in
  the near term.

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Ad Hoc Routing Protocol Example 1 the DSR
Protocol

• Data packets have source routes stored in their
  headers. Each node on the path transmits the
  packet to the next hop identified in the source
  route.
• Each node maintains a Route Cache to store the
  source routes it has learned. When a node needs
  to send a data packet, it first checks its route
  cache for a route to the destination. If no
  route is found, it attempts to find one using the
  route discovery mechanism.
• A monitoring mechanism, called route maintenance,
  is used in each operation along a route. This
  mechanism checks the validity of each route used.

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Ad Hoc Routing Protocol Example 2 the AODV
Routing Protocol

• Each node maintains a table of hop distances and
  next-nodes for different destinations.
• Routes are built on demand using a route request
  (RREQ)/ route reply (RREP) query cycle.
• Once the source stops sending data packets, the
  links will time out and eventually be deleted
  from the intermediate node routing tables.
• If a link breaks while the route is active, the
  node upstream of the break propagates a route
  error (RERR) message to the source node to inform
  it of the now unreachable destination(s).

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Example NIST/WCTG MANET Work

• Analysis
• Development of network performance measures,
  standard evaluation scenarios, analysis of
  multihop network properties and performance
• Simulation
• OPNET simulation/evaluation of multihop routing
  protocols, cost-adaptive mechanisms for
  choosing paths
• Embedded Implementation
• Development of Linux kernel implementation of
  AODV
• Development and testing of communication and
  localization system prototype based on ad hoc
  networking
• URL http//w3.antd.nist.gov/wctg/manet/

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NIST Distributed Testbed for First Responders

• Hardware
• Compaq iPAQs running Linux, dual PCMCIA card
  backpack with battery, 802.11b cards, full-duplex
  audio.
• Capabilities
• Multihop packetized voice broadcast, multicast,
  unicast group IDs, etc. Packets include
  terminal sensor data.
• Indoor localization 1 to 3 m using signal
  strengths display of terminal locations.
• External communication Interface to external
  networks using Session Initiation Protocol.

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Emerging Applications of Ad Hoc Networking

• Mesh applications may be becoming popular
  alternatives to building new wired infrastructure
• Commercial/personal ad hoc networking
  capabilities
• Including Peer-to-peer
• Emerging sensor networks
• Ad hoc principles are proposed to enable multihop
  extensions of WLAN/RLAN structures
• Complete solutions are needed before the special
  features of ad hoc networking may be considered
  advantageous
• i.e., network management, distributed database,
  VoIP, capacity for multimedia, etc.these
  solutions are emerging as different types of
  wireless systems converge
• IEEE, ITU-R and other standards bodies have
  existing and initiated evolutions to existing
  standards that may be beneficial to ad hoc
  networking applications (including security,
  RLAN, etc.)
• Other standards activity
• Project MESA (part of proposed PPDR capabilities)

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Ad Hoc Network Applicability

Scale

Small scale Large
scale Network type (few nodes)
(many nodes) Commercial
home/office personal
mobile cellular like
industrial local
networks Government specific
Public Safety
Large-scale military

network Community/urban covert
networks local
communications networks
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Ad Hoc Networking

• Lack of specific network layer standards for Ad
  Hoc networking.
• Note the term "ad hoc" can also be used in a more
  general sense, applying to networking modes
  involving Bluetooth-like abilities and other
  WPANs as well as use of 802.11 as the radio
  protocol.
• Need for GSC/GRSC Resolution?
• Clarify and focus subject

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Open issues

• A optimisation network layer and radio layers for
  different systems (incl. 802.11, HiperLAN)
• B QoS support
• C secuirity
• D mobility
• B, C, D issues could be orthogonal, joint
  optimization is very difficult (system design
  choice)
• tradeoff between centralized and distributed
  algorithms for B,C,D

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Relevant ETSI activities

• MESA Project - ad hoc network on future Public
  Safety communications
• BRAN - HiperLAN-2, other
• 3GPP - UTRA TDD
• Standardization challenges gt
• There is need for standard-based approach at
  the network layer.

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Ad Hoc Networking

• Thank You!