How old am I?

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How old am I?

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1.7 million-year-old human ancestor
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Fig 34.40
DNA is passed from generation to generation, and
therefore can tell us about relationships between
species.
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Fig 34.42
How are we related to our ancestors, and where
did we come from?
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More than 10,000 years ago Hunter-Gatherer
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10,000 to 200 years ago Farming-Ranching
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Last 200 years Industrialization
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(No Transcript)
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The earth is covered in humans. How did this
occur?
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Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only
through mother
mitochondria
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Mom provides 50.000275 and Dad provides
49.999825 of DNA to offspring. because Mom
provides 100 of mitochondrial DNA
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Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to
trace ancestry
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Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but
tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasias
maternal relatives did not match.
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When did these migrations take place?
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Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between
individuals
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Only DNA that is successfully passed on can be
used to trace the past.
Fig 1
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As DNA is passed on mutations take place
Fig 1 and 4
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Fig 4
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By determining the average time between
mutations, we can estimate the time of the last
common ancestor.
Fig 4
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The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one
nucleotide change per 20,000 years. OR A
difference of one nucleotide between two people
indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago.
Fig 4
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Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
Multiregional hypothesis
Out of Africa hypothesis
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Relationships of different populations using mtDNA
150,000ya
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1
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Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
X
Multiregional hypothesis
Out of Africa hypothesis
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Newer Data Estimated time of divergence for
several DNA regions
Fig 3
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Newer Data Estimated time of divergence for
several DNA regions
Fig 3
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Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
X
Multiregional hypothesis
Out of Africa hypothesis
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Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens
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Multiregional hypothesis disproved by mtDNA data
Out of Africa hypothesis disproved by other
DNA data
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Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2
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Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2
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Relationships of different people using mtDNA.
7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2
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Mans Most Dangerous Myth the Fallacy of Race
by Ashley Montagu
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Mans Most Dangerous Myth the Fallacy of Race
by Ashley Montagufirst published in 1942
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Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

• From Science v298 12/20/02 pg 2381
• 93-95 of genetic variation within population.
• 3-5 of genetic variation occurs between
  populations.

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2
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There is no genetic definition of race.
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Humans have been constantly moving and migrating.
Any geographic location contains people with DNA
from many different other areas...
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Proposed model of human evolution/ migration
Additional migrations
Expansion from Asia to Africa
Out of Africa of Homo sapiens
Out of Africa
Fig 9
Out of Africa of Homo erectus
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Humans have been constantly moving and migrating.
Any geographic location contains people with DNA
from many different other areas...
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Next Are we genetically Programed to be racist?

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