JOG YOUR MEMORY FOR SAFETY

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JOG YOUR MEMORY FOR SAFETY

• ELLEN M. TOM
• AVIATION SAFETY INSPECTOR

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OR......

• MNEMONICS, FORMULAE AND OTHER AVIATION TRIVIA

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Introduction

• REVIEW
• MANY SUBJECTS QUICKLY
• WEATHER
• AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
• WEIGHT AND BALANCE
• NAVIGATION
• STUFF

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WEATHER WISE

• STANDARDS SEA LEVEL PRESSURE
• 29.92
• TEMPERATURE
• 59F/15C
• CONVERTING TEMPERATURES
• EASY WAY C to F/Double 30
• Example 15 C 15 x 230 30 60F (59)

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FORMULA

• C 5/9 X (F - 32)
• Example 15C 5/9 x (59 - 32)
• 5/9 x 27
• 5 x 27135 div. 9 15

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FORMULA

• F(9/5 X C) 32
• Example 59F(9/5 x 15) 32
• 9 x 15 135
• 135 div. 5 27
• 2732 59F

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TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATE

• NORMAL 3.5deg F per 1000Altitude
• Example 75F on ground
• WHERE (APPROX.)IS FREEZING LEVEL?
• 75 - 32 43 degrees to drop to freezing
• 43 divided by 3.5 12.3
• freezing level approx. 12,500 AGL

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HEIGHT OF CLOUD BASE

• Ceiling Definition Lowest Level of clouds
  described as broken, overcast, not thin or
  partial.
• TO CALCULATE
• SURFACE TEMP - DEW POINT
• DIVIDED BY 4.4F or 2.5C

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CLOUD BASE FORMULA

• Surface temperature minus dew point
• Example 77F-5324div4.45.45(5500AGL)
• 33C-2518div2.57.2(7200AGL)

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CLOUDS

• STRATUS CLOUDS
• SURFACE (LOW TO GROUND)
• SMOOTH AIR
• STABLE SYSTEM
• SHOWERY PRECIPITATION

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CLOUDS

• CUMULUS CLOUDS
• CHOPPY AIR
• CLEAR VISIBILITY
• CHIMNEY LIKE DEVELOPMENTS

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FOG

• EXPECT WHEN ?
• WHEN TEMPERATURE AND DEWPOINT
• SPREAD OF 2 DEGREES OR LESS

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VISIBILITY

• WHEN SURFACE IS JUST VISIBLE OVER NOSE OF
  AIRCRAFT, GROUND VISIBILITY IS APPROXIMATELY 1
  MILE FOR EVERY 1000 FEET OF ALTITUDE.

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CALCULATING VISIBILITY

• EXAMPLE When cruising at 5000 AGL, ground is
  visible over nose....surface visibility is
  roughly 5 miles.

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PRESSURE PATTERNS

• NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
• HIGH PRESSURECLOCKWISE CIRCULATION
• LOW PRESSURE COUNTER CLOCKWISE CIRCULATION

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HIGH PRESSURE

• MEMORY AIDE Use Thumb up, fingers travel
  clockwise (high)
• Use Thumb down, fingers travel counter clockwise
  (low).

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PRACTICAL USE

• On Extended Flight from East to West
• Fly North of Low
• and South of High

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SURFACE WEATHER MAPS

• ISOBARS
• Lines of equal pressure
• bars barometer
• ISOTACHS
• Lines of equal wind velocity
• tach into the wind

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SURFACE WEATHER MAPS

• ISOTHERMS
• Lines of equal temperature
• therm thermometer

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AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

• ENGINE FAILURE (FLR)
• Fly the aircraft
• Look for a place to land
• Restart attempt

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PRESSURE CHANGES

• 1 INCH OF PRESSURE 1000 FEET
• example actual altimeter 29.94
• aircrafts setting 29.69
• error in altitude .25
• 250 feet in error (1000 x .25)

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TEMPERATURE CHANGES

• FROM HIGH TO LOW LOOK OUT BELOW
• Colder than standard temperature or pressure will
  place aircraft lower than the altimeter indicates.

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ALTITUDES

• TRUE Height above sea level
• ABSOLUTEHeight above terrain
• PRESSURE Height above standard data plane at
  29.92
• DENSITY Pressure altitude corrected for
  non-standard temperature.

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AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

• Airspeeds
• ICE TEA
• I Indicated Airspeed
• C Calibrated
• E Equivalent
• T True

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AIRSPEEDS

• Add 2 of indicated for each 1000 of altitude
• Example 150KIAS at 5000 MSL
• 2 of 1503
• 3X5 (1000s of feet)15
• 15015165K approximate TAS
• Give

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ALTIMETERS

• ACCEPTABLE ERROR /- 75 FT.
• PITOT STATIC TEST 24 CAL. MO

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TIRE HYDROPLANING

• square root of tire pressure X 9
• example 100 psi tire
• square root is 10
• 10 x 9 90 K approx hydroplaning speed

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AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

• V SPEEDS
• Vne do not exceed
• Va maneuvering speed
• Vle gear extended speed
• Vlo gear operating speed
• Vfe flap extended speed

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AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE

• Vso Stall speed in landing configuration
• Vs1 Stall speed in clean configuration

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WEIGHT AND BALANCE

• W A M
• WEIGHT X ARMMOMENTS

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WEIGHT AND BALANCE

• Total Momemts divided by Total Weight
• Center of Gravity TMTGCG

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WEIGHT AND BALANCE

• ARMMOMENTS DIVIDED BY WEIGHT
• WEIGHTMOMENTS DIVIDED BY ARM

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WEIGHTS

• 100LL and 80 Oct 6lbs gallon
• Jet A 6.72 lbs. per gallon
• 100LLBlue
• 80OctRed
• 100OctGreen
• JetAClear

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FORMULA

• Jet Fuel Weight Calculation
• Request 1000 lbs of Jet A
• Drop Last Zero 100
• Divide in half 50
• Add both 150 gal equal 1000Jet
  A

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NAVIGATION

• ALTITUDES TO FLY
• EAST IS ODD

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DIRECTIONS

• EAST IS ODD
• EAST ODD PLUS 500 VFR
• WEST EVEN PLUS 500 VFR
• IFR SAME ONLY DROP 500

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TRIVIA

• IFR ABOVE FL 290
• EAST IS 290/330/370/410/450/490
• WEST IS 310/350/390/430/470/510

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NAVIGATION

• VARIATION
• EAST IS LEAST AND
• WEST IS BEST
• Subtract Easterly variation and add
• Westerly variation

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COMPASS TRICKS

• ANDS
• ACCELERATE NORTH
• DECELERATE SOUTH
• MOST APPARENT ON EAST OR WEST HEADINGS.

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COMPASS TRICKS

• Why?
• Due to the dip of the earths magnetic field.
  The aft end of the compass card tilts upward when
  accelerating and tilts downward when decelerating.

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COMPASS TRICKS

• LAGS NORTH/LEADS SOUTH
• If you are on a northerly heading and turn East
  or West, compass lags your turn.
• If you are on a southerly heading and turn East
  or West, compass leads your turn.
• Leads and lags by degrees of latitude of your
  location, i.e., CLE 41 deg. North.

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TIME TO STATION

• 60 X MINUTES BETWEEN BEARING CHANGE
• DIVIDED BY DEGREES OF BEARING CHANGE

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TIME TO STATION EXAMPLE

• 60 X 4 (TIME TO FLY 10 DEG. BEARING CHANGE)
• DIVIDED BY 10 DEGREES BEARING CHANGE
• 240 DIVIDED BY 10APPROXIMATELY 24 MINUTES TO
  STATION

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DISTANCE TO STATION

• TAS X MINUTES BETWEEN BEARING CHANGE
• DIVIDED BY
• DEGREES OF BEARING CHANGE

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DISTANCE TO STATION EXAMPLE

• 125 ktas X 2.5 MINUTES (TIME TO FLY 5 DEGREES
  BEARING CHANGE)
• DIVIDED BY
• 5 DEGREES BEARING CHANGE
• 125 X 2.5312.5
• DIVIDED BY 5
• 62.5 NM APPROX TO STATION

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NAVIGATION

• ADF ORIENTATION
• True Bearing to StationTHRel Bearing
• Mag Bearing to StationMH RB
• Relative BearingMB - MH

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COURSE

• True Course /- WCA TH
• TH /- Mag VariationMH
• MH /- DeviationCompass Hdg.
• Mag Variation Off the chart
• Deviation Compass Corr. Card

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STUFF

• AIRSPACE
• A Above FL 180
• B Busy Airport
• C Crowed Airport

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AIRSPACE

• D Directly above Control
• Tower and its approach path
• E Everything else
• Controlled
• G Ground to Controlled

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LIGHTS

• VASI
• RED OVER RED
• YOU ARE DEAD
• WHITE OVER WHITE
• HIGH AS A KITE

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LIGHTS

• VASI
• RED OVER WHITE
• YOURE ALRIGHT.

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TRANSPONDER

• 7500 HIJACK
• 7600 LOST COMM.
• 7700 EMERGENCY
• 7777 NEVER

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ALTERNATES

• 1-2-3
• Alternate not needed if

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ALTERNATES

• FOR ONE HOUR BEFORE TO ONE HOUR AFTER SCHED
  ARRIVAL, DESTINATION IS ATLEAST 2000/3

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RECIPROCALS

• YES, SOME PEOPLE STILL HAVE TROUBLE WITH
  THIS!!!!!
• WHEN YOU ARE HEADING BETWEEN
• 020-189 DEGREES

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RECIPROCALS

• ADD 2 TO THE FIRST NUMBER
• SUBTRACT 2 FROM THE 2ND NUMBER
• EXAMPLE 025 DEG.
• 2
• 225
• - 2
• 205 DEGREE RECIPROCAL

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RECIPROCALS

• WHEN YOU ARE HEADING BETWEEN 200 AND 360 DEGREES
• SUBTRACT 2 FROM THE 1ST NUMBER
• ADD 2 TO THE 2ND NUMBER

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RECIPROCAL EXAMPLE

• 320 DEGREE HEADING
• -2
• 120
• 2
• 140 DEGREE RECIPROCAL HEADING

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AND ON AND ON ..............

• OAT OUTSIDE AIR TEMP
• MSL MEAN SEA LEVEL
• EGT EXHAUST GAS TEMP
• TT TOTAL TIME
• TTSN TOTAL TIME SINCE NEW
• NDH NO DAMAGE HISTORY
• CHT CYLINDER HEAD TEMP

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THANKS!

• REMEMBER, FOR BEST RESULTS,
• JOG YOUR MEMORY FREQUENTLY!

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