La romanizaci

1
La romanización

• Influencia del latín en la lengua inglesa.
• Préstamos y calcos

2
Outer history
English (historical divisions)
3
Foreign influences
4
Teutonic language Germanic branch of IE
Later additions (borrowings)
Celtic Latin Scandinavian French Greek etc.
5
OE eahta
fish
water
OE fisc
eight
bread
flesh
father
OE fader
can
milk
brother
OE broder

• cognates all of them

• Grimms Law new set of voiceless fricatives
• PATER FRATER OCTO PISCIS

• Verners Law

6
Variation change
Potential
Implementation
Diffusion
7
Variation change(example)
Systemic development
ON tacan
OE niman
potential
Co-existence
Died out
change
implementation
8
The Roman Conquest

• 55 BC Julius Caesar ? invasion of Britain
• Use of Latin not so widespread ? restricted to
  upper classes
• Evidence Chester, Manchester, Chichester,
  London (Londinium)

9
The Germanic Conquest

• 449 Jutes, Saxons, Angles, Frisians (Denmark,
  Low Countries)
• Four kingdoms ? dialectal areas
• Northumbria
• Mercian
• West Saxon King Alfred
• Kentish
• All varieties involved in the making of English
  as we know IT today

No standard language
10
The periods of English

• Old English (450-1150) or (450-1066)
• Middle English (1150-1500) or (1066-1476)
• Modern English (1500-C19TH)
• Shakespeare wrote in Early Modern English
• Present Day English

OE/King Alfred ? se nama ME/Chaucer ? ?e naam
(variants ? ?i nam, ?i naim, ?e name
ModE/Shakespeare ? the name (yet pronunciation
has not changed entirely as we know it today.
11
Latin influences

• Stage 0 The Romans the Celts
• Stage 1 Christianisation
• Stage 2 The Germanic
• Stage 3 The French the Church

12
Chronology

• Palatalisation
• castra ? Chester
• i-umlaut
• cuquina ? kitchen

• Diphthongisation (Front)
• caesus gt caesi gt ceasi gt ciese

kykInagt
kytSInagt
kytS?n?gt
kUkInagt
ketS?n kechen
kytS?n kuchen
kitS?n kichen/kychen
kytS?ngt
13
The Celts (Latin)

• Place names ? castra

14
Christianisation (Latin)

• Apostle nun cabbage
• Pope offer lentil
• Archbishop organ pear
• Bishop synod raddish
• Priest relic lobster
• Abbot temple mussel
• Shrine tunic myrrh
• Mass apostle pine
• Alms pope savory
• Altar spend school
• Angel exchange grammar
• Candle dictate title
• Canon turn laurel
• Cleric verse cucumber
• Deacon meter plaster
• Disciple accent medicine
• Hymn history scorpion
• Litany paper paralysis
• Martyr term coriander

15
Germanic tribes (Latin)

• Battle camp, weall, mil, straet
• Trade pund, mynet (coin), ceap (cheap)
• Domestic mese, cuppe, disc
• Food cisten (chestnut), pise (pea)
• Arts cealc (chalk), tigele (tile)
• Miscellaneous cirice, biscop, casere

16
The Norman ConquestFrench influence
17
Latin influence in the Middle and beyond

• Through French
• Through Literature Church

Terms related to medicine, fashion, meals,
theology, literature, learning, etc
Synonyms at three levels
Other Romance languages
18
La conquista normanda

• Influencia del francés en la lengua inglesa.
• Préstamos y calcos

19
Influence on ME syntax

• A thynge inmortal, poem unlimited (Hamlet)
• The which (el cual)
• come singing (inf. gerund)
• Massive use of prepositions
• Prepositional phrases by cause, in fact
• Do How does my lord?
• Do as causative
• Take lexical item take advantage, take leave
• Mes corps ? me, you, etc. Later, somebody,
  anybody, etc.

20
Stages of French influence

• First stage before during C13TH
• Decay of the English Language
• Second stage after during C13TH
• Rise Triumph of the English Language

21
Vocabulary

• Couplets
• Synonyms at three levels
• Knowledge of classical languages
• Ink-horn terms controversy