Flowers

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The Cold War
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Cold War
USA
The Cold War
USSR
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YouTube

1. http//www.youtube.com/watch?vjR-A4QFHZBA

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Cold War

• Background
• A bipolar conflict involving two great blocs that
  appeared to superimpose their rivalry on the
  rest of the world
• It was a struggle carried on by all means short
  of war
• Massive arms build-up and nuclear weapons to make
  both sides virtually impregnable
• Diplomacy being turned into a kind of
  militarised thinking that concentrated on
  building and strengthening alliances

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Cold War

• Background
• Each side denying the others right to exist
• USSR being convinced that Capitalism and
  Communism could not co-exist as Capitalism was
  immoral and doomed to collapse
• USA seeing the USSR as an evil empire

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Cold War

• Background
• Each side conducted ferocious attacks against the
  other and suppressed internal dissidence
• Stalins paranoid reaction to opposition
• Milder form of repression in the West, e.g.
  McCarthyism (Commission to review the loyalty of
  American Civil Servants and to weed out Soviet
  agents and sympathisers)

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Senator Joseph McCarthy
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McCarthyism Victims
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Cold War

• Main Issues
• PIES
• Power (A race for hegemony dominance resulting
  in superior power to influence others)
• Ideology (Western Capitalist Democracy vs
  Communist Authoritarianism)
• Economics (Control of markets / resources /
  trade)
• Security (Political / Economic / Territorial /
  Imagined vs Real)

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Cold War

• Why did the Cold War break out?
• Competing Ideologies
• Feelings of Mistrust
• Wartime Alliances Broke Down

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Cold War

• Why did the Cold War break out?
• Competing Ideologies
• The Cold War confrontation between the USA and
  the USSR was a clash between their opposing
  ideologies Capitalism (USA) and Communism (USSR)

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VS
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Cold War

• Why did the Cold War break out?
• Competing Ideologies
• Both sides felt that their ideologies were the
  best for the rest of the world to follow
• Supporters of Democracy felt that a choice
  between Capitalism and Communism meant choosing
  freedom or slavery
• Supporters of Communism felt that workers were
  not free in Democratic societies and were slaves
  of the rich landowners, factory owners and
  powerful industrialists

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Cold War

• Why did the Cold War break out?
• Competing Ideologies
• As each side felt their own ideologies were the
  best to be followed, there was competition
  amongst them to prove otherwise

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Cold War

• Why did the Cold War break out?
• Feelings of Mistrust
• Mistrust of Communists by the USA and the West
  began in 1917 when Communism became first
  established in Russia following the October 1917
  Revolution
• The Russians had proclaimed a World Revolution
  The USA was afraid that a worldwide Communist
  revolution would mean the end of Capitalism and
  Democracy

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Cold War

• Why did the Cold War break out?
• Feelings of Mistrust
• The West had also become involved in the Russian
  Civil War against the Communists (The Communists
  were known as the Reds, the Western troops, the
  Whites)
• The West (Britain, France, Japan and the USA)
  sent funds and troops to prevent the spread of
  Communism
• The West also provided aid to anti-Bolshevik
  White Armies

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2007 O Level SBQ
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Cold War

• Why did the Cold War break out?
• Feelings of Mistrust
• In short, mistrust had always occurred between
  the West and the Communists
• Now that the USA and the USSR were the two new
  post-WW2 Superpowers, they had the power to
  spread their influence worldwide, making the Cold
  War more possible

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Cold War

• Why did the Cold War break out?
• Wartime Alliances Broke Down
• During WW2, the USSR joined the Allies to defeat
  Germany, a common enemy
• Once the war was over, the two countries (USA and
  USSR), returned to their old relationship of
  mistrust and suspicion
• The wartime alliances also broke down after a
  series of conferences to decide on the fate of
  Germany
• Another cause for the alliances to break down was
  Soviet policy regarding Eastern Europe

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Teheran
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Yalta
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Potsdam
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Cold War

• Why did the Cold War break out?
• Wartime Alliances Broke Down
• While the USA planned for free elections and
  western style democracies in Eastern Europe, the
  USSR wanted to create a zone of friendly
  communist governments in the area
• Moreover, at the end of WW2, the Soviet Red Army,
  on the pretext of chasing out the Nazis, stepped
  in to occupy these territories

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Cold War

• How was Europe affected?
• Europe was divided
• Between 1945 and 1948, Europe was divided into 2
  sides the Eastern European Communist countries
  and in the Western European Democratic countries

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Cold War

• How was Europe affected?
• Europe was divided
• The USSR expanded its control over the Eastern
  European countries by occupying them with Soviet
  troops so that the USSR could not be attacked
  through these countries. Stalin also set up
  Communist governments in these countries so that
  he could influence them to follow pro-USSR
  policies. These countries were known as satellite
  states

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Cold War

• How was Europe affected?
• Europe was divided
• The West viewed this policy as hostile and
  aggressive and criticised the USSR for not
  holding democratic elections and oppressing
  democracy in the satellite states
• Churchill described Europe as being divided into
  two spheres of influence by an Iron Curtain (an
  imaginary line between the Soviet satellite
  states in the East and the Democratic states in
  the West

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Cold War

• The Truman Doctrine (1947)
• In order to prevent Communism from spreading,
  President Truman announced the plans for the
  Truman Doctrine. According to the doctrine, the
  USA would help other democratic countries when
  they were threatened by Communism
• The Truman Doctrine (or Containment Policy) was
  to force Communism to remain within its borders
  by giving money, weapons, fuel and other
  incentives to countries in danger of being taken
  over by Communists

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Cold War

• Marshall Plan (1947)
• The Marshall Plan offered financial help to
  Europe to help it recover from World War II and
  to build a prosperous and successful Western
  Europe which would resist Communism by giving
  loans, aid and goods
• The USA believed that with the Marshall Plan, the
  people of Western Europe would be more prosperous
  and less likely to support Communism
• Stalin forbade the Soviet satellites to accept
  the Marshall Plan

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Cold War

• Marshall Plan (1947)
• As a result of the Marshall Plan, Western Europe
  recovered faster from the effects of WW2 than
  Eastern Europe. The Marshall Plan also heightened
  Cold War tensions as the USSR saw the Marshall
  Plan as an attempt to spread Democracy and
  Capitalism through the use of money
• The USSR set up COMECON (Council for Mutual
  Economic Co-operation) in response to the
  Marshall Plan and to encourage trade and
  co-ordinate the economic policies among the
  Communist countries

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Cold War

• How was Europe affected?
• Germany was divided
• Conflicts on how to administer Germany led to a
  crisis among Britain, France, the USA and the
  USSR in 1948

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Cold War

• How was Europe affected?
• Germany was divided
• Despite making agreements at Yalta and Potsdam,
  in 1948, Britain, France and the USA joined their
  separate zones in Germany and created a new
  currency for their sphere of influence. This
  action helped West Germany recover faster from
  the damage caused by WW2. The West also had
  democratic elections for West Germany. However,
  East Germany did not have all this as it was
  under a Communist party under Soviet control

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Cold War

• How was Europe affected?
• Germany was divided
• Seeing the progress made by West Germany, Stalin
  was afraid that Germany would grow strong again
  and be a threat to the USSR. He planned to seize
  control of West Berlin by blocking all road, rail
  and canal links between West and East Germany in
  1948. The crisis became known as the Berlin
  Blockade. Stalin believed that he could force the
  British, French and Americans to leave the city
  by blocking all supplies of food to West Berlin

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Cold War

• How was Europe affected?
• Germany was divided
• For the USA, it was important to support West
  Berlin because it represented the democratic
  system. The USA was also concerned that if it
  pulled out of West Berlin, the Soviets may have
  invaded West Germany
• Knowing that retaliation by troops would result
  in a full-scale war, Harry Truman (President of
  the USA) deployed a fleet of planes to fly over
  the blockade and bring food and supplies to the
  West Berliners. The USSR could not do anything
  about the planes as shooting them down would be a
  declaration of war
• After 10 months, the USSR realised that it had
  not succeeded and ended the blockade in 1949.
  Following the blockade, Germany was separated
  into two countries West Germany and East
  Germany

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Cold War

• How was Europe affected?
• Germany was divided
• For the USA, it was important to support West
  Berlin because it represented the democratic
  system. The USA was also concerned that if it
  pulled out of West Berlin, the Soviets may have
  invaded West Germany
• Knowing that retaliation by troops would result
  in a full-scale war, Harry Truman (President of
  the USA) deployed a fleet of planes to fly over
  the blockade and bring food and supplies to the
  West Berliners. The USSR could not do anything
  about the planes as shooting them down would be a
  declaration of war
• After 10 months, the USSR realised that it had
  not succeeded and ended the blockade in 1949.
  Following the blockade, Germany was separated
  into two countries West Germany and East
  Germany

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Cold War

• NATO (1949) and Warsaw Pact (1955) were set up
• The division of Europe into two spheres of
  influence and forced the USSR and the USA to seek
  allies through military alliances
• The USA built up their forces in Europe through
  NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) in 1949
  to defend Europe from Soviet attack
• The USSR and all the Communist countries of
  Eastern Europe joined the Warsaw Pact in 1955

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Cold War

• How did the Cold War affect the rest of the
  world?
• China joined the Cold War
• Having defeated the Nationalists, the Chinese
  Communist Party took control of China and
  proclaimed the creation of the Peoples Republic
  of China in October 1949
• The USA then saw the Communist alliance between
  the USSR and China as a single, united enemy
  determined to control the world
• The USA was also afraid that the USSR would give
  China nuclear weapon technology as the USSR had
  recently tested its own nuclear weapons

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Cold War

• How did the Cold War affect the rest of the
  world?
• Japan became the USAs main-Communist ally
• Faced with the threat of Communism, the USA
  strengthened Japans economy and introduced
  democratic reforms in order to turn Japan into
  its main ally in the region. It also provided
  Japan with economic aid, new technology, new
  industrial equipment and lifted trade
  restrictions on the country. It also supported
  Japans entry into several world bodies (IMF, UN,
  World Bank)
• The USA and Japan also signed the 1952 US-Japan
  Mutual Security Treaty where the USA promised to
  come to Japans aid if Japan was attacked. The
  treaty also allowed the USA to station troops in
  Japan

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Cold War

• How did the Cold War affect the rest of the
  world?
• USAs One China Policy
• Due to their unfriendly relations, the USA
  adopted a One China Policy from 1945 to 1972 and
  refused to recognise the Peoples Republic of
  China (PRC). Instead, it recognised Taiwan
  (Republic of China ROC) as the legitimate
  government of China

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Cold War

• How did the Cold War affect the rest of the
  world?
• Increased US Support for anti-Communists in Asia
• Communism in China also led the USA to search for
  other allies in Asia. In addition to forming
  alliances with Taiwan, the USA also sent troops
  to support anti-Communist governments in South
  Korea (1950) and South Vietnam (after 1954)
• An anti-Communist alliance to oppose Communist
  gains in Southeast Asian was formed. It was
  called the Southeast Asian Treaty Organisation
  (SEATO)
• The USA also competed with the USSR in search for
  allies in the Middle East (Israel and other Arab
  States) and in Africa (Congo, Angola, etc)