Review

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Chapter 1,2,3

• Review

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Discoveries before Columbus

• _at_ 1,000 AD Leaf Ericson a Viking landed on
  Newfoundland, Canada. He named it Vinland
• Early evidence of Africans making to South
  America
• Crusades
• Chinese and Indian traders
• Marco Polo
• Caravel ships and the Prevailing westerly's
• Mali Kingdoms and the Portuguese slave trade
• Dias and Vasco da Gama find way around Africa
• Spanish lust for gloryIsabella and Ferdinand

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Columbus

• Why did Columbus make his Journey?
• Desire for cheaper goods
• Easier route to India
• Race of nations
• Mother countries needed new colonies for raw
  materials
• Mariners compass
• Six weeks to find Bahamas
• This discovery shook the world

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The collision of Worlds / Columbian Exchange

• The exchange of goods changed Europe, Americas,
  and Africa forever

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The Triangle Trade

• Triangle Trade a trade route used by the British
  to move slaves, raw materials, and finished
  products

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Spanish Conquistadores

• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Spanish seek gold, glory and route to India.
  They also wanted to convert all natives to
  Catholic
• Spanish ship captains seeking their fortunes
  spread out throughout Caribbean

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The Battle of Empires

• 1532 Pizarro conquered Inca empire in Peru
• Encomidia
• Slavery in attempt to Christianize naives

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Cortez

• 1519 Cortez lands in Mexico
• Burns his ships when he lands
• Aztecs believe him to be their god Quetzalcoatl
• He is greeted with gifts of gold
• Cortez takes over thanks to superior arms and
  smallpox
• City is destroyed and made into Christian
  cathedrals
• Spanish brought animals, language, and laws

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Spanish America

• Spain looked to Europeanize their colonies
• Natives as slave labor
• raw materials
• Spanish missions
• Christianity was forced on most of the native
  population

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Spanish America

• Spain spread as quickly as possible to stop the
  French and English from getting any of the New
  World
• The Spanish influence spread up the Mississippi
  to California coast
• Smallpox
• Some tribes like the (Pueblos) resisted

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EnglishBetter Late Than Never

• English religious conflicts keeps focus on home
  front
• King Henry VIII
• 1558 Elizabeth brings stability
• The Irish are crushed by the English

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Elizabeth heads for the New World

• Sir Francis Drake and the Pirates of the
  Caribbean
• 1583 Raleigh and the lost colony of Roanoke
• 1588 Spanish invasion of England.
• Protestant Wind
• This defeat would lead to Spanish downfall of New
  World
• This English victory started the English on the
  path toward navel dominance
• English confidence grows and turns toward New
  World

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English Farmers hit hard

• English population grows 3 million to 4 million
• Landlords forced out small farmers
• Many became unemployed and homeless
• Rich became alarmed to homeless
• First sons get it all

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Joint Stock Companies

• Definition companies created to pool their money
  to finance a New Colony
• Private investment granted by Royal Government
• How was this different than the Spanish?

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Reasons for English Colonization

1. Enclosure- small farmers forced out
2. Unemployed Farmers
3. Primogeniture-oldest son
4. Joint-Stock Company-investment
5. Peace with Spain
6. Adventure

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Virginia, One More Time

• Virginia Company settles Jamestown
• Purpose was for gold and get rich quick
• Site was chosen for defense but very unhealthy
• Many died early
• John Smith saves colony -He who does not work
  does not eat
• Smith captured by Powhatan
• Smith is saved by Pocahontas
• Most colonist still died
• Needed colonist who wanted permanent settlement
  not get rich quick

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Colonist Battle Natives on Chesapeake

• War with natives over food and power
• Marriage between John Rolfe and Pocahontas
• The battle rages on for 20 more years
• Small Pox made it difficult for natives to
  re-populate
• Europeans desperate need for land made victory
  for Powhatans near impossible

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Natives of the New World

• Natives were forced to change
• Disease takes its toll even to those who never
  meet white man
• Lakota take over the plains thanks to the horse
• Groups broke into several bands and started new
  bands
• Trade benefited and hurt natives
• Some tribes grew in power while others lost power

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Tobacco is King

• John Rolf creates the Tobacco industry
• As tobaccos popularity grew in Europe more
  farmers got into the cash crop
• This created a demand for land because of the
  nature of tobacco
• Plantations created
• Need for labor creates the slave trade
• Early representative government found in Virginia
  House of Burgesses

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Maryland Catholic Haven

• 1634 Lord Baltimore
• Profits and refuge for Catholics
• Huge estates were rewarded to family members
• Surrounded by small (Protestant) farmers
• Tobacco was King
• Religious freedoms for all Christians only

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The West Indies

• By 1600s English controlled Jamaica and most of
  West Indies
• Sugar required large plantations and many workers
• Required large amounts of cash but rewards were
  great
• Slaves were brought from Africa
• Black codes, the blueprint for the southern
  plantations
• Imported food from North America

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Carolinas

• 1670
• After a bloody, religious civil war, colonization
  became a top priority
• Started to work with the sugar islands for trade.
  They adopted their slave codes and slave trade
• Used Savannah Indians to capture natives to be
  sold into slave trade in West Indies
• Rice became principle crop
• Imported slaves from Africa with rice growing
  experience
• Charles town became the busiest sea port in the
  south, making it an ideal place for the
  aristocratic English to migrate

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North Carolina

• 1710
• Tobacco outcasts
• Caught in between South Carolina and Virginia
• Independent
• Democratic government
• Conquered Tuscarora nation , they later moved
  north to join the Iroquois Nation

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Georgia

• 1733
• Buffer Zone
• Philanthropic experiment for imprisoned debtors,
  also produced silk, and wine
• Slave free zone
• State grew very slowly

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Protestant Reformation

• 1517 Martin Luther
• 1536 John Calvin
• 1530s King Henry VIII Breaks ties with Catholic
  Church
• Puritans break with Church of England
• A small group Puritans called Separatist broke
  away from Church of England
• These Separatist leave England and move to
  Holland

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Finding Home in Plymouth

• The Separatist leave Holland Dutchification
• Waited for 8 years for ship
• 1620 they leave for Northern Virginia
• 65 days at sea
• Find land in Massachusetts
• Mayflower compact (Majority Rule)
• First winter, 44 out of 102 die. Native stores
  provide only nourishment
• Second winter 1621 William Bradford elected
  governor
• First Thanksgiving
• Plymouth was poor farming conditions but fishing
  and hunting helped for food

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Bay Colony

• 1629 Charles I dismisses Parliament and sectioned
  anti-Puritan persecutions of the Puritans
• Fearing persecution moderate separatist secured a
  royal charter called Massachusetts Bay Colony
• The Great Migration 70,000 refugees left for
  New World. Some went to New England but most went
  to the West Indies
• John Winthrop became first governor. Served for
  19 years

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The Bay Colony

• Quasi Democracy
• Governor Winthrop did not trust democracy
• General Court Visible Saints responsible for
  enforcing gods laws for all. Believers and
  non-believers
• Ministers had great power but could be hired and
  fired at the will of the congregation

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Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth

• Quakers and those who did not believe as the
  Puritans were fined, flogged, and banished
• Anne HutchinsonChallenged religious doctrine
• Was finally banished
• Roger Williams
• Wanted to Break away from the Church of England
• Denied the authority of the civil government to
  regulate church matters
• Challenged church authority
• Indian rites
• 1635 was banished

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The Sewer

• 1636 Roger Williams fled to Rhode Island and
  established a place for religious freedom
• Boston clergy mocked the dissenters and made fun
  of Rhode Island

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New England Grows

• 1635 Reverend Thomas Hooker founded Connecticut
• Created Fundamental Orders
• Early form of a democratic constitution
• 1638 New Haven
• Charles II merges New Haven and Connecticut
• 1677 Maine is purchased by Massachusetts
• 1679 New Hampshire is separated from a
  Massachusetts

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Puritans Battle Natives

• The Wampanoag Chieftain, Massasoit, signed a
  treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621
• 1637 hostilities erupt between the settlers and
  Pequot tribe, English and the Narragansett
  Indians destroy the Pequot
• 1675 Metcom (King Philip) attacked English
  settlements. 1676 the war ended

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New England Unites

• 1643 The two Massachusetts colonies, Bay Colony
  and Plymouth, and the Connecticut and New Haven
  come together under the New England
  Confederation.
• Each colony has two votes
• They unite to fight common enemies or potential
  enemies

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English Punish Massachusetts Bay

• King Charles II wanted more control over the
  colonies.
• Massachusetts ignored orders from London.
• To punish Massachusetts their Charter is revoked
  and in turn Charles II granted rival Connecticut
  a sea to sea charter
• Also Rhode Island was given a royal charter.
  This act sanctioned religious toleration

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First American Revolution

• 1686 Dominion of New England was created.
• Unlike New England Confederation it was imposed
  by London
• 1688 it was expanded to include New York, and New
  Jersey
• Sir Edmund Andros takes control over the Dominion
  and establishes headquarters in Puritan Boston
• Andros stopped town meetings, restricted courts,
  the press, and schools. He also revoked all land
  titles
• 1688-1689 English over through James II with
  William III
• The Dominion collapsed
• Andros was captured and sent back to England
• New governors restored order
• New English Government relaxed regulations on
  colonies and returned to benign neglect
• This action of the Royal Government leads to
  seeds of mistrust

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The Dutch in New England

• 16th century the Netherlands wins Independence
  from Spain
• The Dutch republic becomes a political power
• Dutch East Indian Company
• Employs 10,000 men
• 190 ships
• Hire Henry Hudson sails up Hudson river and
  files a land claim on the Hudson valley
• 1623-1624 Dutch West Indian company files claim
  to New Netherlands along Hudson
• Purchase Manhattan Island from natives (22,000
  Acres)
• New Amsterdam was created as outpost

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Hostilities between Neighbors

• Connecticut settlers not happy with Dutch
  settlements along Hudson and Manhattan Island
• Connecticut wanted war with the Dutch but
  Massachusetts says no
• Swedish put colony on Dutch territory on Delaware
  river
• Dutch defeat Swedish
• 1664 Dutch were forced to surrender New Amsterdam
  
• Renamed New York after Duke of York

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The Quakers of Pennsylvania

• Quakers had good relations with Native Americans
• Religious freedom
• Blue Laws
• 1674 William Penn Purchased West New Jersey From
  Berkeley, an English Lord
• 1681 Penn was given Pennsylvania by Charles II
• Penn also purchased East New Jersey
• 1702 England combined East and West New Jersey
  into one territory

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Middle Colonies

• Bread Colonies
• Religious tolerance
• Ethnically mixed

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Chesapeake

• Half the people born in early Virginia and
  Maryland did not survive to celebrate their 20th
  birthday
• At the beginning of the 18th Century, Virginia
  was the most populous colony with 59,000 people.
  Maryland was the 3rd largest, after
  Massachusetts, with 30,000.

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Tobacco Economy

• Chesapeake Bay1603 1.5 million pounds of tobacco
  shipped per year every year
• 40 million by the end of the century.
• "indentured servants" were brought in from
  England to work on the farms.
• "freedom dues",
• including a few barrels of corn, a suit of
  clothes, and possibly a small piece of land
• Head-right system to encourage the importation
  of servant workers. Under its terms, whoever
  paid the passage of a laborer received the right
  to acquire 50 acres of land
• White Slaves 100,000 indentured by 1700.
  represented more than 3/4 of all European
  immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th
  Century.

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Navigation Acts

• Charles II to the throne at the end of the
  English Civil War
• Parliament passed the Navigation Acts of 1660-63
• The tobacco planters in Virginia were no longer
  able to sell to customers in France, and Dutch
  ships were prohibited from trading with Virginia.
  
• Mercantilismbased on the assumption that the
  mother country should receive most of the
  benefits from the colonies

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Navigation Acts Cont.

• Throughout the 1660's, tobacco prices were
  painfully low and Virginia planters struggled
  economically
• The House of Burgesses passed the first official
  codes to establish perpetual slavery for blacks,
  but the costs of producing tobacco remained too
  high compared to the prices paid for the annual
  crops
• Governor William Berkely coopted the gentry on
  the Council, and avoided calling a new election
  for the House of Burgesses between 1661-1676. As
  a result, there was no political outlet for the
  unhappy planters
• The frustrations were vented in other ways.

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Bacon's Rebellion

• 1676 1,000 Virginians broke out of control - led
  by a 29-year-old planter, Nathaniel Bacon.
• They resented Virginia's Governor William
  Berkeley for his friendly policies towards the
  Indians.
• Berkeley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks
  on frontier settlements (due to his
  monopolization of the fur trading with them), the
  crowd took matters into their own hands.

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Bacon's Rebellion Cont.

• The crowd attacked Indians and chased Berkeley
  from Jamestown, Virginia. They torched the
  capitol.
• Bacon suddenly died from disease
• Berkeley took advantage of this and crushed the
  uprising
• Due to the rebellions and tensions started by
  Bacon, lordly planters looked for other, less
  troublesome laborers to work their tobacco
  plantations. They soon looked to Africa

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Colonial Slavery

• Slavery starts in Jamestown 1619
• 1670, only about 2,000 in Virginia
• About 7 of the total population of the South.
• In the 1680s, the wages in England rose,
  therefore decreasing the number of indentured
  servants
• By 1680s Black slaves outnumbered white

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Colonial Slavery

• In 1698, the Royal African Company, first
  chartered in 1672 lost its charter
• Many Americans rushed to get rich on slave trade
• Blacks accounted for half the population of
  Virginia by 1750. In South Carolina, they
  outnumbered whites 21.
• Most of the slaves came from the west coast of
  Africa, especially stretching from present-day
  Senegal to Angola.
• 1662 Black Codes come to Southern colonies

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Life for Africans in America

• Southern blacks life was harder compared to
  Virginian Blacks
• By 1720 Female population began to grow
• Unique culture formed
• African Slaves helped to create country through
  their labor
• 1712 New York City slave revolt killed 21 whites
• 1739 Stono River, South Carolina 50 Blacks march
  south toward Florida. Stopped by Millitia

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Southern Life

• FFVs were in charge
• 70 of the seats in the House of Burgesses
• FFV Owned most of the land
• Owned most of the slaves
• Monopolized political power
• Controlled the economy
• Less disease
• Social Scale Rich vs. Poor

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Southern Society Cont.

• Small farmers
• Owned only one or two slaves
• Small plot of land
• Landless Whites indentured servants
• Poor Infrastructure
• Urban cities
• Urban Professionals
• Rural Society
• Large growing Black population

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The New England Families

• Life expectancy 70 years, Why?
• New Englanders migrated in families?
• Why?
• Family Stability
• Longevity
• Obedience to family
• Grand parents

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New England families cont.

• Womens property rights New England vs. South
• South when husband dies women retained his
  property rights
• NE women lost their rights and church inherited
  property
• Why in NE were women thought to be inferior?
• Eve
• Child raising
• NE Women gave up their rights when married
• Protecting marriage

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Life of the NE Town

• Unity
• Wanted to abolish slavery, WHY?
• Did not need slaves
• Churches
• Orderly growth
• Charters
• Families receive land , wood lots
• Towns of 50 or more had elementary education
• For what reason was education important?
• 1636 Harvard was formed
• Puritans ran their own churches
• Congregational government lead to democratic
  government

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The Half-Way Covenant / Salem Witch trials

• Jeremiaddeclining piety
• Half-Way Covenant
• Bolster church membership money
• Agreementbaptism but not full communion or
  unconverted children of members
• Salem which trials
• Young girls claim by older women of bewitchment
• 20 women lynched 1692
• 1693 Governor put stop after his wife was accused
• Pardoned all confected
• Hunts usually aimed at landholding women and
  merchant class by farmers

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The New England Way

• Hardworking, Frugality
• The soil of New England was stony and hard to
  plant with.
• Less diversity
• European immigrants did not want to come to a
  place where there was bad or rocky soil.
• Climatehot summers cold winter
• Land ownership a foreign concept
• Must improve the land
• Live stock
• Major trades
• Ship Building
• Fishing
• Manufacturing
• The combination of Calvinism, soil, and climate
  in New England made for energy, purposefulness,
  sternness, stubbornness, self-reliance, and
  resourcefulness.

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Geography of New England

• Rocky soil
• Deep cold lakes
• Humid continental climate
• Deep harbors EX Boston, Portland
• Mountainous
• Many good rivers running North to South

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Early Days and Ways

• Women, slave or free, wove, cooked, cleaned, and
  care for children. Men cleared land fenced,
  planted, and cropped the land cut firewood and
  butchered livestock as needed.
• Growing resentment between Upper class land
  holders and the merchant class
• 1689-1691 Leister's rebellion in New York
• Blue blood rules
• Horse racing
• Wearing Gold or sliver

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Conquest by the Cradle

• Colonist doubled their s every 25 years
• 1700 20 to 1
• 17753 to 1
• In 1775, most populous colonies
• Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North
  Carolina, and Maryland.
• 90 rural

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A Mingling of the Races

• Colonial America was a melting pot.
• Germans
• 1775 6 of population
• settled in Pennsylvania
• fleeing religious persecution, economic
  oppression, and the ravages of war
• Scots-Irish
• 1775 7 of population
• lawless individuals
• Settlements scattered along Appalachian
• conflicts with natives
• 5 of the multicolored colonial population
  consisted
• French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews,
  Irish, Swiss, and Scots Highlanders
• Natives were displaced west, unbalancing
  traditional tribes and customs

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The Structure of Colonial Society

• America vs. Old Europe
• Richest 10 of Bostonians and Philadelphians
  owned 2/3 of the taxable wealth in their cities.
• Rise of the middle class
• Widows and orphans were dependant on charity to
  survive

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The Structure of Colonial Society

• 1750, Boston contained a large number of homeless
  poor worn large red "P" on their clothing.
• Jayle Birds
• 50,000
• Slaves lowest in society
• All attempts to slow slave trade were blocked

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Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists

• Most honored professions Christian ministry
• Physicians
• poorly trained and not highly esteemed.
• first medical school came in 1765.
• Bleeding and leeches were common cures
• Powerful laxatives were also used as a cure-all
• doctors had very little knowledge of the body
• Native Americans had much better medicines than
  colonist
• Epidemics were a constant

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Workday America

• Agriculture
• leading industry
• 90 of the people
• Staple crop in Maryland and Virginia was tobacco
• Grain grown in Middle colonies
• Fishing
• Ship building Rhode Island and Maine
• 1/3 of the British merchant marine was American
  built.
• Trade was popular in the New England group- New
  York and Pennsylvania.
• Manufacturingsecondary importance.
• Lumberthe most important manufacturing
• Navel Stores Tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine

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Workday America

• Americans demanded British products
• British people were slower to buy American goods
• Trade imbalance
• West Indies and France most traded
• 1733 Molasses Actits goal to slow North
  American trade with the French West Indies. The
  colonists got around this by smuggling.
• Horsepower and Sail-power
• The roadways in the colonies were in terrible
  condition.
• An inter-colonial postal system was established
  by the mid-1700s.

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Dominant Denominations

• Two established churches
• Anglican and the Congregational.
• Anglicans
• Church of England
• Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia,
  Maryland, and a part of New York.
• Congregational Church
• Puritan Church
• Religious toleration
• Catholics in America
• anti-Catholic laws were less severe and less
  strictly enforced
• Politics played a role in sermons
• Ministers made the best politicians because of
  their public speaking ability

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The Great Awakening

• Angry over Half-Way Covenant
• Religious doctrinePredestination or not
• Jacobus Arminius
• Dutch theologian who preached that individual
  free will, not divine decree, determined a
  person's eternal fate.

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Great Awakening

• The Great Awakening 1730s and 1740s
• Northampton, Massachusetts, by Jonathan Edwards
• He said that through faith in God
• Not through doing good works, could one attain
  eternal salvation.
• He had an alive-style of preaching.
• George Whitefield
• The Awakening
• Emotional appeal
• Undermined the older clergy
• Started many new denominations
• Increased the numbers and the competitiveness of
  American churches.

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Schools and Colleges

• Schools were for religious purpose
• New England
• Dominated by the Congregational Church
• College education was regarded very highly in New
  England.
• 9 local colleges were established during the
  colonial era.

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A Provincial Culture

• Colonies followed British and European Culture
• The red-bricked Georgian style was introduced in
  1720.
• Artist studied abroad
• Art, architecture were popular in the colonies.
• Science was behind the old world.
• Ben Franklin was considered the only first-rank
  scientist in the New World.
• Science vs. Superstition

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Pioneer Press

• Most press was small, self operated, one large,
  folder page
• 1734-1735 The John Peter Zenger Case
• Most papers were politically driven

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The Great Game of Politics

• 8 of the colonies had royal governors appointed
  by the king. were under proprietors who
  themselves
• 3 chose the governors.
• Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware-
• 2 elected their own governors
• Connecticut and Rhode Island-
• Nearly every colony used a two house legislative
  body.
• Tax collectors
• Custom officials

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Colonial Folkways

• Food was plentiful
• Homes were poorly heated
• Little furniture
• Funerals, church functions, taverns, weddings
  were the main social occasions
• Dancing, playing cards. Horse racing
• Thanksgiving
• Christmas was a religious holiday
• American life tried to mirror British
• Americans had a better life in many was