Understanding Taxonomy Academic Biology

1

• Understanding TaxonomyAcademic Biology

2
The 6 Kingdoms

• Organisms are placed into kingdoms based on
  their type of cells, their ability to make food
  and the number of cells in their bodies

3
Prokaryotes

• organisms whose cells lack a nucleusØ      
  Nucleusdense area in a cell that contains
  nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that
  direct the cells activities. Nucleic acids are
  scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.

4
Ecological Importance of Prokaryotes

• Decomposition
• Nitrogen fixation
• Mutualistic relationships
• Parasitic relationships
• Commercial uses

Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped bacteria
which causes Syphilis in humans
5
Eukaryotes

• organisms with cells that contain nuclei.
  Their chemical instructions are in the nucleus.

6
Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms

• Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)
  Prokaryotes.
• Protistia Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi,
  plants, or animals
• Fungi Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts)
• Plantae Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-motile,
  autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose
• Animalia Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile,
  heterotrophic, no cell wall

7
Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
8
Kingdom Monera
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
The six-kingdom system
Eubacteria
Archaea
9
The Kingdom Monera Eubacteria
Streptococcus mutans (can cause endocarditis and
dental caries)

• Common name Bacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes
• Have cell wall
• Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla

Bacillus anthracis (spores can live in soil for
years)
10
Eubacteria

• a.  Can be found in yogurt b.  Unicellular
  bacteriac.  Autotrophic or heterotrophicd.   Mos
  t are helpful, some cause things
• like strep throat

Bacteria which causes strep throat
11
Archaebacteriameans ancient bacteria

•  a.  Unicellular bacteriab. Autotrophic or
  heterotrophicc.   Live in places without O2
• (ocean floor, salty water, hot
• springs, and your intestines!)d.   Proka
  ryotes

12
The Kingdom Protista

•   Slime moldsb.  Autotrophic or
  heterotrophicc.   Most unicellulard.   Some
  multicellular,
• sea weede.    EukaryotesA
  classification problem
• Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia
• Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups

Entamoeba histolytica
13
Ecological Importance

• Important foundation in food chain.
• Produce a lot of Oxygen
• Decomposition
• Symbiotic relationships
• Mutualistic
• Parasitic
• Medicinal and Industrial Uses

Euglena is both autotrophic and heterotrophic
14
The Kingdom Fungi

• Mushrooms, molds and mildewb.  Most are
  Multicellular
• eukaryotesc.  Yeast is unicellular
  eukaryotesd.  Most found on land, a few in
• fresh watere.  Heterotrophsfeed on
• decaying organisms

Puffball Drops of rain trigger the release of
spores
Pholiota spp Degrades wood very quickly
15
Ecological Importance

• Decomposers
• Symbiotic
• Parasitic
• On plants
• On animals
• Mutualistic
• Lichens
• Mycorrhizae

Epidermophyton floccosum, fungi causing
athletes foot
16
The Kingdom Plantae

•  Dandelions, mosses, tomatoesb.  Multicellular
  eukaryotesc.   Autotrophsd.   Some produce
  flowers some
• do not.e.   Can be small or grow tall
  like
• a sequoia tree

Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota
17
Major Groups of Plants

• Three traditional groupings
• Bryophytesnonvascular plants
• Tracheophytes vascular,
• Seed plants
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms

Ginkgo biloba Ginkgos are often very long-lived.
Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500
years old.
18
Importance of Plants to Humans

• Food source Wheat, grains, fruits, vegetables
• Medicine Aspirin, cancer treatments, stimulants
  
• Industry Agriculture, wood products, cotton

Sugarcane
19
The Kingdom Animalia

• Dogs, fleas, rabbits, Human, turtles
  mosquitoes
• Multicellular eukaryotes.
• Heterotrophs

Baby Chicks
20
Invertebrates and Vertebrates

• Invertebrates
• 97 of the Animal Kingdom
• Absence of backbone
• Includes sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, worms,
  arthropods, and echinoderms
• Vertebrates
• Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage)
• Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
  mammals

Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis Notice the
false white eye markings behind the head.
21
Invertebrate Animals

• Sponges
• Cnidarians
• Worms
• Mollusks
• Arthropods
• Echinoderms

Colony of sponges
Chambered Nautilus
22
Invertebrate Animals

• Sponges
• Cnidarians
• Worms
• Mollusks
• Arthropods
• Echinoderms

Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum
Txodes scapularis Deer tick
23
Vertebrate Animals

• Chordates
• Fish
• Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey)
• Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)
• Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Birds
• Mammals

Ardea herodias Great Grey Heron
24
Name 6 Kingdoms
25
Name 6 Kingdoms
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
26
What is a prokaryote?
27
Prokaryotes

• organisms whose cells lack a nucleusØ      
  Nucleusdense area in a cell that contains
  nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that
  direct the cells activities. Nucleic acids are
  scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.

28
Which 2 kingdoms only have prokaryotes?
29
Kingdom Monera
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
The six-kingdom system
Eubacteria
Archaea
30
Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic
organisms?
31
Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic
organisms?

• Fungi and animalia