??? (Ayo)

1
????????????

• ??? (Ayo)
• ?????? ???????
• ????????? ??
• ??????? ???????

2
????????????

• ??? ?????
• Joy of Research
• Science as a way of knowing
• ?????
• ??? ????(???)????
• ??????????
• ???????
• ??? ?????

3
??? ?????

• the Joys of Research ???
• -- Albert Einstein ??????
• Ernst Mayr
• 1926 ??Ph.D. ???
• 1946 ???? the society for the study of Evolution.
• 1947 ??Journal of Evolution.
• 1953 ??Alexander Agassiz Professorship in
  Zoology in Harvard University.
• 1982 ?? The Growth of Biological Thought.

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What is the Science?

• A. Einstein
• Science is the attempt to make the chaotic
  diversity of our sense-experience correspond to a
  logically uniform system of thought.
• Ernst Mayr
• Science is not an accumulation of facts, rather
  science is the search for an understanding of the
  world around us.

5
??? ?????

• ??????puzzle solving?,????????ultimate
  (???????)?????????,?????????????????????,?????????
  ,????????????????

6
Science as a way of knowing-- XXX

• a project of the education committee of the
• American Society of Zoologists
• cosponsored by
• The American Society of Naturalists
• The Society for the Study of Evolution
• The Biological Sciences Curriculum Study
• The American Institute of Biological Sciences
• The American Association for the Advancement of
  Science
• The Association for Biology Laboratory Education
• The National Association of Biology Teachers
• The Genetics Society of America

7
ASZ?????????

• ???????????,?????????
• ?????????????????,???????????????????????,???????
  ???????????,??????,??????????????????????

8
ASZ?????????

• ?? ?1983??,??????????????????????
• ?????(1984)Evolutionary Biology
• ?????(1985)Human Ecology
• ?????(1986)Genetics (???)
• ?????(1987)Developmental Biology
• ?????(1988)Form and Function
• ?????(1989)Cell and Molecular Biology
• ?????(1990)Neurobiology and Behavior
• (1990-1991)gt a conceptual framework for Biology

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????(modern)???

• ????????????
• ???????gt gt gt ??????
• ????????,???????????????????

10
????(modern)???

• ?????
• ?????????,?????
• ?????????,?????????5-10??
• ????????????????????????,???????????
• polywater ???

11
?????
-- ??????????? -- polywater ??
??3. Polywater ????????????1962??1974??,??polywat
er?????(??)??????????????????,????????,???????????
??????Franks (1981), p.120?
12
Polywater ?????

• Haynes, J. M. and P. J. McElroy (1969) Anomalous
  water. Nature 224393-394.
• Donohue, J. (1969) Structure of polywater.
  Science 1661000-1002.
• (Anonymous) (1969) Polywater. Scientific American
  22190-9
• Allen, L. C. and P. A. Kollman (1970) A theory of
  anomalous water. Science 167 1443-1454.
• Allen, L. C. and P. A. Kollman (1971) Theoretical
  evidence aganinst the existence of polywater.
  Nature 223550-551.

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??Polywater?????

• Schaffer, S. (1976) Polywater research and
  pathological science. M.A. thesis, Harvard
  University.
• Franks, F. (1981) Polywater. The Mit Press,
• Branscomb, L. M. (1985) Integrity in Science.
  American Scientist 73(5)421-423

14
????????? -- ??????? -- ??of?by?for?????
15
????(Reductionism)vs.????(Holism)

• ????????????????
• ????????(??)??????
• ?????(??)?????????
• ????????????????
• ??(??)??? vs. ???(emergent properties)

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???? (Reductionism) vs.???? (Holism)

• ????
• ???????????? (???)?
• ??(??)???
• ?????,????????

• ????
• ?????(???)
• emergent properties(???)
• ?????,??????

17
???????

• 1. ???????????,????????????(??)????????,??????????
  ????
• 2. ?????????????????
• 3. ?????????????????
• 4. ?????????????????????
• 5. ?????????,????emergent properties??

18
??? ????????

• ???(Biology) ???
• Bio logy ?????????????????
• ?????
• ??????????????
• ?????? ?????????????????????

19
??????????

• ??????,?????????,????????
• ????????,??????????????
• ??????,??????????????????(??)?

20
????????????

• ??
• 1. ??????????????
• 2. ?????,????????????
• 3. ??????,?????????????
• 4. ?????????,??????????
• 5. ???????,??????????

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??????????

• ????Rainger, R., K. R. Benson, and J.
  Maienschein (eds.) (1988) The American
  Development of Biology. The University of
  Pennsylvania Press
• ? ?
• ??? Natural History to Biology
• 1. Museums on Campus A Tradition of Inquiry and
  Teaching -- 1868-1902, established on campuses?
• 2. From Museum Research to Laboratory Research
  The Transformation of Natural History into
  Academic Biology.

22
??????????

• ??? Centers of Cooperation
• 3. Organizing Biology The American Society of
  Naturalists and its Affiliated Societies,
  1883-1923.
• 4. Summer Report and Scientific Discipline Woods
  Hole and the Structure of American Biology,
  1882-1925.
• 5. Whitman at Chicago Establishing a Chicago
  Style of Biology?

23
??????????

• ??? Working at the Boundaries of Biology
• 6. Charles Otis Whitman, Wallace Craig, and the
  Biological Study of Animal Behavior in the United
  States, 1898-1925.
• 7. Vertebrate Paleontology as Biology Henry
  Fairfield Osborn and the American Museum of
  Natural History.
• 8. Organism and Environment Frederic Clementss
  Vision of a Unified Physiological Ecology.
• 9. Mendel in America Theory and Practice,
  1900-1919
• 10. Cellular Politics Ernest Everett Just,
  Richard B. Goldschmidt ant the Attempt to
  Reconcile Embryology and Genetics.

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?6. ??????????????????????????Stiling (1992),
p.18?
25
?7. ???????,?????????????????????Ray (1985) Amer.
Zool., 24452-468?
26
???????

• ????????????,?????????,??????????
• ????????? (?8)?
• ?????????? (?9)?
• ????? (???????) (?10)?

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?8. ?????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????Kohn (1989), p.1096?
28
?9. ????????????clade ???????????????????Kohn
(1989), p.1097?
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??10. ?????????????????????(genotype, ???,
G1),??t1??,???????(???,phenotype,P1)???t2????????
?????(P2),??t3????????(?????,G2)???t4??????????(G
1),?????????,????????
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???????

• ???????? ? ?????(?11)?
• ????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• -- ????

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?11. ???????
32
???????

• ???????????????
• ????,?????
• ??????? (???????)???????????????
• ????????????????????..... ?

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DNA ?????

• DNA is the molecule of heredity.
• Watson and Crick
• In 1953, they published their double helix
  model for DNA?
• did no experiments?
• they spent their time thinking about DNA?
• Pauling graciously congratulated Watson and
  Crick?
• In 1962, awarded Nobel Prize?

34
DNA ?????

• Double helix ??? ??????????????????
• ??????????????
• DNA ????????, ???????
• ???? ?????????????????

35
1980??????????

• Science as a way of knowing -- XXX
• ?????????,???????
• ????, ???????
• ?????????????????
• ??????????????????????(?)???, ....?
• ???????????????????????????? ....?
• ???????, ???????????????????????

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?12. Darwin ? Einstein ???????????,
?????????????????????, ??????????????, ??????????
Proposal of C. Darwin
37
?12. Darwin ? Einstein ???????????,
?????????????????????, ??????????????, ??????????
Proposal of A. Einstein
38
???????????

• ??? ?????

39
??? ?????

• ????
• 1. Reductionism (????)
• 2. Holistism (????)
• ??????
• 1. natural causality (????)
• 2. uniformity in space and time (???)
• 3. common perception (???????)

40
????????????? ???????(functional)???
41
???????
42
?????????

• 1. ??a posteriori (???)?
• 2. ??a priori (???)?
• 1. ??proximate (???)?
• 2. ??ultimate (???)?

43
????

• 1. ?? (functions)?
• 2. ?? (developments)?
• 3. ?? (geographical)?
• 4. ???? (evolutionary history)?

44
????

• ???????????????
• 1. survival value???????, ?????????????
• 2. causation???????, ????? hormone level ??
  (?????)?
• 3. development???????, ??????, ???????????
• 4. evolutionary history????????????????????

45
???????

1. ??????? (????????)?
2. ?????????????
3. ?????????? (?????,????)?
4. ??,????????????????????
5. ????????,?????????,???????
6. ???????????,???????????(??????),????????(??)????

46
????????

• 1. ???????? (????????)?
• 2. ????,????????? (???10-30?)?
• 3. ??????????????? (??????)?

47
???????????????????????????????????1985??
48
?????????????????????????????????1985??
49
?????
Japalura_at_hotmail.com

• Ayo ??? http//mail.nutn.edu.tw/hycheng

50
??? (Ayo) ??

• ????(Tulane)?? ???? ????? (Ph.D.)
• ??????????????,??? Smithsonian Institution????????
  ??????????????????????,????????????????????,??????
  ??????????
• ????50???????????100???

51
????

• ???? ??????? (??)?? (2006- 2009)
• ???? ???????? (??)?? (2004-2006)
• ???? ???? ?? (2004-2006)
• ???? ???? ?? (1989-2004)
• ???????? ???? (1994-2004)
• ???????? ???? (1989-2004)
• ??Smithsonian Institution ?????? (1984-1985)
• ??Tulane?? ???? ?????(Ph.D.) (1984)
• ?????????? (1975)??? (1977)

52
???? (1985 2007)

• ?????,?????????????????????
• ??????????? (1992)
• ????????????????????
• ??????????? (1994)
• ?????????????????
• 2000 ???????????
• 2004 ? ?????
• 2007 ? ?????

???????????
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???? (1987 2007)

• ????????,???? (since 1987)???? (1990)??? (1991)?
• ??????,??????(1993)?
• ????????? (1994)
• ??????? (1995)
• ????????(??),?????
• ?????????,?? (1998 - )
• ????,???(2001)
• ???????,???(2002-2003)
• ??????,??? (2004)
• ???????,???? (2005 - 2007)

54
????

• ?? (2002-2007)
• ?????Ayo??????? (since 1997)
• Ayo ??? (1997)?Ayo ??? (1997)?Ayo ???(1997) ?Ayo
  Forum ? (1999)?Ayo ReadMe ? (1999)?Ayo ???
  (2000)?Ayo ??? (2000)?Ayo??? (2004)?Ayo??? (2006)
• ?????????(2002)?????????(2004)???????(2004)
  

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