America:

1
Chapter 1
Norton Media Library
America A Narrative History 7th edition
by George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi
2
Possible origins of the first Americans

• Siberian20,000 years ago Siberian hunters became
  first American inhabitants
• -first immigration came between 50,000 and
  8,000BC from Eastern Siberia to the Southern tip
  of South America-they were physically kin to
  modern Chinese, Japanese and Koreans.
• The brown-skinned, thin-lipped,
  high-cheeked, broad-faced, straight black-haired
  ancestors of Naïve American developed some
  remarkable civilizations.
• B. Southwestern Europe-recent findings in
  Virginia suggest much earlier appearance of
  ancient humans

3
An ornate Mayan mask made of jadeImage Source
Wikipedia Commons
4

1. At the times of Columbus's arrival in the New
   World, how did the Indians of Central America and
   Mexico differ from those farther north?    (A)
   less numerous    (B) more nomadic    (C) more
   warlike    (D) more highly civilized    (E)
   some were dependent on roaming herds of buffalo

5
II. Indian culture before Columbus

• A. Earliest cultures
• 1. Hunters and gatherers
• 2. Villagers
• 3. Farmersa culture developed of farming,
  fishing, pottery by 5000BC
• 4. Developed plant food such as maize, beans,
  pumpkins, and
• avocados

6
Mayan Pyramid
7

• B. Mayan, Aztec, and Incan cultures
• -between 2000 and 1500 BC permanent farming town
  appeared in Mexico-there was evidence of
  warfare, religion, art and science
• --gradually Mesoamerica developed great cities
  with pyramids, temples and palaces
• -Mayans developed a sophisticated
  calendar-writing system and books
• -however in 900AD the Mayan culture collapsed
  from over use of the land and overpopulation
• -overtaken by the Toltecs who left around
  1200AD
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

8

• Aztecs arrived about 1325 and expanded their
  control over central Mexico
• The Spanish invaded the Aztec Empire in 1519
  which was ruled by Montezuma II- He ruled about 5
  to 20 million people.
• -Aztecs were a powerful military force-subjugated
  nearby people-treated conquered areas as colonies
• _Aztecs were a violent society as seen through
  their religious rites.
• -Priests could please the gods through human
  sacrifice-this was carried out by capturing
  prisoners of war

9
Aztec pyramid of the Sun
10

1. One of the factors that proved critical to the
   Spanish conquest of the Aztecs was    (A)   the
   overwhelming number of Spanish soldiers    (B)  
   the total lack of organization of the Aztec
   political and military system    (C)   the
   support of Portuguese soldiers    (D)   the
   pacifist nature of the Aztecs    (E)   a
   smallpox epidemic spread by contact with the
   Spanish soldier

11

1. Smallpox devastated the native populations of the
   New World. The Aztec population, estimated at 30
   million when the Spanish arrived in Mexico, was
   down to 3 million by 1568 and 1.6 million in
   1620. Despite having an army of perhaps only 600
   Spaniards, Hernan Cortes was able to eventually
   defeat the Aztec forces and claim Mexico City for
   Spain in 1521.

12
Spaniard Cortes being greeted by Aztec emperor
Montezuma
13
INCAS

1. Incas achieved the height of their empire in what
   is now Peru about 1500 AD
2. Monarch had absolute powerhad a complex system
   of taxation-one major weakness was no fixed
   procedure for succession

Machu Picchu, the Inca citadel
14

1. Which of the following is not true of the Incan
   civilization?A)    Francisco Pizarro and 180
   men captured and killed Incan king Atahualpa who
   commanded an army of 80,000 soldiersB)    the
   main crop of the Incas was potatoes which were
   grown on terraces in the mountainous terrain of
   the AndesC)    the Incas used a knotted rope
   system, known as quipu, to record
   informationD)    originating in the Andes
   Mountains, the Incan empire spread throughout
   South and Central America by the arrival of the
   Spanish in the 1520sE)    the Incas comprised
   the largest empire in pre-Columbian America

15
Cultural Regions of North America

• Northwest Coast
• Chinooks
• Makahs
• Southwest
• Navajos
• Great Plains
• Mandans
• Kiowas
• Eastern Woodland
• Iroquois
• Cherokees

Cultural Regions
16
(No Transcript)
17

• C. Major Indian cultures in the area of the
  United States after about 1,000 B.C.
• Indian life in North America was not as
  culturally advanced
• 1. Adena-Hopewell peoples of the Ohio Valley (800
  B.C.A.D. 600)-were mound builders who used some
  tools and wove fabrics
• 2. Mississippian cultures of the Mississippi
  River Valley (A.D. 6001500)-resembled Mayan and
  Aztec societies because of agriculture-they had
  an effective government and trading
  network-worshipped the sun-had human torture and
  sacrifice
• --peaked in the fourteenth and fifteenth
  centuries and finally succumbed to disease
  brought from Europe

18
Cahokia the walkways are modern, the manmade
hills are not
19
3. Pueblo-Hohokam-Anasazi cultures of the
Southwest

• Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans were
  an ancient Native American culture centered on
  the present-day Four Corners area of the
  Southwest United States, noted for their
  distinctive pottery and dwelling construction
  styles. The cultural group is often referred to
  as the Anasazi
• The Pueblo-Anasazis lived in baked-mud adobe
  structures
• Engaged in warfare as a self defense
• Toward the end of the thirteenth century, drought
  and new arrivals began to restrict their territory

20
(No Transcript)
21
Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park
22
Navajo and Apache

1. The Apache and the Navajo came from the Far North
   to settle the Plains and Southwest around A.D.
   850.The Navajo share the Athabscan language with
   the Apache.
2. The Apache lived near Pueblo tribes, which they
   raided for food, and livestock. They dressed in
   animal skins, used dogs as pack animals, and
   pitched tentlike dwellings made of brush or hide,
   called wikiups.
3. The Navajo copied corn- and bean-growing
   practices from the Anasazi and raised sheep while
   some kept the nomadic lifestyle of their
   ancestors and the Apache and pursued the buffalo
   and other animals.

23
The Great Plains

1. This culture group of Indians is well-known for
   the importance of the buffalo, their religious
   ceremonies, and the use of the tepee. Four
   important tribes in this culture include the
   Dakota, Cheyenne, Sioux, and Comanche.The
   buffalo was the most important natural resource
   of the Plains Indians. The Plains Indians were
   hunters. They hunted many kinds of animals, but
   it was the buffalo which provided them with all
   of their basic needs food, clothing, and shelter.

24

• The horse, first introduced by the Spaniards
• appeared in the Plains about the beginning of
  the 16th cent. and revolutionized the life of the
  Plains Indians. Many Native Americans left their
  villages and joined the nomads. Mounted and armed
  with bow and arrow, they ranged the grasslands
  hunting buffalo.

25
Eastern Woodlands

1. Their food, shelter, clothing, weapons, and tools
   came from the forests around them. They lived in
   villages near a lake or stream. The Woodland
   Indians lived in wigwams and longhouses. The
   Iroquois, Cherokee, and Mound Builders were
   important Woodland tribes.
2. The Iroquois Indians were actually a "nation" of
   Indians made up of 5 tribes. These tribes were
   the Senecas, Onondagas, Oneidas, and Mohawks.
   These tribes were hostile, or war-like, to each
   other until they joined together to become the
   "League of the Five Nations".

26

1. Leaders of each Iroquois Nation also came
   together to discuss matters that were important
   to all of them, such as peace,  trade, or war. 
2. These council leaders ( always men, but chosen by
   the women)  were called sachems.  The Iroquois
   had a total of 50 sachems.  All sachems had to
   agree on a solution before any decision was
   made.  

27
III. European discovery of the New World

• A. Early Norse contacts- technically they were
  the first European attempt to colonize between
  986 and 1013
• B. Changes in modern Europe
• Revival of learning
• Effect of Crusades- Renaissance-late 1400s
• 2. Progress in navigation- progress in the art of
  navigation-new instruments-Prince Henry
• 3. Growth of trade and towns- people wanted the
  new goods-increased trade with Africa, India and
  ChinaExpensive
• 4. New nation-states-first there were feudal
  holdings-merchants supported kings-gunpower
• C. Voyages of Columbus

28
Voyages of Columbus
29
Columbus Legacy

1. At his death he believed that he had found a
   western route to Asia
2. Modern scholars recognize his daring and
   commitment to go where nobody had gone before
3. Brought permanent interaction between Europeans
   and Native American
4. Treaty of Tordesillas-1494

30

• D. Biological exchange-at expense of the native
  Indians
• Animals-iguana-bison-armadillos
• Native American were introduced to horses,
  cattle, pigs,
• Sheep and goats
• 2. Plants-revolutionized the diet of both
  hemispheres corn, beans and potatoes from South
  America-other New World foods included peanuts,
  peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins cacao and squash
• The Old World introduced rice, wheat, barley,
  oats, coffee, olives, bananas, wine grapes

31

• E

3. Device Europeans adopted canoes, snowshoes,
moccasins, hammocks, kayaks, ponchos,
dogsleds-lacrosse-tobacco 4. Diseases the most
significant aspect of the biological exchange was
the transmission of infectious diseasesmall pos.
yellow fever, malaria Results were
catastrophic-more Indians died from disease than
battles.
32

• E. Early exploration by England and Portugal
• John Cabot-first to sight North American
  continent
• in 1497
• 2. Ferdinand Magellan-1519

33
IV. Spanish conquest of the New World

• A. Clash of cultures
• 1. Indian weaknesses
• a. susceptible to disease
• b. disunity
• c. poor transportation
• 2. Spanish advantages
• a. accepted risk
• b. ships
• c. better military tools-steel swords-gunpower
• d. horses
• B. Cortés and other conquistadores
• 1. Cortéss conquest of Mexico-1519 defeated the
  Aztecs-burned all but one Spanish ship
• 2. System of encomienda
• 3. Roles of church and crown

34

• B. Cortés and other conquistadores
• Cortéss conquest of Mexico-1519 defeated the
  Aztecs-burned all but one Spanish ship-made
  Montezuma his puppet-stoned by his own
  people-smallpox
• Francisco Pizarro-subdued Inca Empire in Peru
• 2. System of encomienda- officers became
  landowners who controlled Indian village

35
Roles of church and crown

1. Spanish campaign of genocide against the
   population of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and
   Dominican Republic) as illustrated by Fray
   Bartolome de las Casas

36
IV. Spanish conquest of the New World (contd)

• C. Spanish exploration and early settlement in
  North America
• Geographic area of control-
• St. Augustine 1595
• De Soto landed on Floridas west coast went
  as far as North
• Carolina-then to Arkansas River then down the
  Mississippi then to Mexico
• Permanent settlements in New Mexico, Texas,
  California-
• 2. Interactions with Indian culture-blended
• and coexisted
• 3. Purposes of settlements
• a. obtain wealth
• b. convert Indians-Franciscans and
  Jesuits-missions
• c. provide defense

37

• D. Spanish patterns in the southwestern United
  States
• 1. Use of religion in colonial control-after ten
  years a mission would be secularized-land divided
  among converted Indians-pay taxes-soldiers house
  in presidios
• 2. Role of the Franciscans
• 3. Control by Juan de Oñate-1598 son of Spanish
  mining family

38
Juan de Onate

1. Juan de Oñate , fl. 1595-1614, Spanish explorer
   in the American Southwest, possibly b. New Spain.
   In 1598 he led an expedition north from New
   Spain, took possession of New Mexico for the
   Spanish king, and established a settlement at San
   Juan. He was immediately faced by an Native
   American revolt at Acoma which he put down
   brutally. In 1601, Oñate, in search of Quivira,
   led an expedition across present Oklahoma to the
   plains around Wichita, Kans., then returned,
   unsuccessful, to New Mexico, where discontent was
   rife among the colonists. Anxious to find a route
   to the South Sea, he led (1605) an expedition
   westward, reached the Colorado River, and went
   down it to the Gulf of California before turning
   back to his colony. He was relieved (1609) as
   governor and tried on charges of misconduct in
   office. Convicted in 1614, he later sought a
   pardon, which was granted before 1624. One of his
   lieutenants, Gaspar de Villagrá, celebrated
   Oñate's deeds in Historia de la Nueva México, but
   his real achievements in founding and exploring a
   broad new realm did not receive the deserved
   recognition.

39
Statue of Popé in Capitol's Statuary Hall
40

1. Popé gained fame in Spanish America for        
   (A) assisting Junipero Serra in establishing the
   California missions        (B) walking from
   Florida across the Gulf of Mexico coast before
   reaching Spanish settlements in Mexico       
   (C) organizing a revolt against the Spanish in
   1680 in New Mexico which resulted in 400
   deaths        (D) helping Coronado explore the
   Grand Canyon region        (E) publicizing the
   abuses of the Spanish encomienda system

41

• 4. New Mexico as a royal province-1608 moved
  capitol to Santa Fe, in 1610-first permanent seat
  of government in present-day United States
• 5. Rebellion  Popé, a Pueblo religious leader,
  organized the most successful Indian revolt
  against Spanish colonial rule in 1690. Striking
  at a number of Spanish outposts in New Mexico,
  Popé's followers killed 200 Spanish colonists and
  at least 21 Franciscan friars. He attempted to
  eliminate Spanish influence, ordering the
  destruction of churches and forbidding the use of
  the Spanish language or Spanish names. Spain
  regained control in 1692, but the power of the
  Franciscans was greatly diminished as the Spanish
  now viewed New Mexico as an important barrier
  against the French to the north. Pueblos were
  given more freedom to practice their religion and
  some were armed by the Spanish.

42
IV. Spanish conquest of the New World (contd)

• E. Horses
• 1. Indian acquisition-result of Pueblo
  revolt-hundreds of Spanish horse
• 2. Ecological effects-source of mobility and
  power
• 3. Economic effects-became nomadic hunters-trade
• 4. Negative consequences-killed to many
  bison-thievery-physical burden for women-as value
  of hides grew, male hunters began to indulge in
  polygamy

43
V. Impact of the Protestant Reformation on Europe

• A. Martin Luthers initial leadership
• B. John Calvins role
• C. Impact of the Reformation in England
• 1. Henry VIII
• 2. Church of England

44
VI. French, Dutch, and English rivalry with the
Spanish in North America

• A. Verrazzano and Cartier
• B. Rebellion of the Netherlands in 1567 against
  Spanish rule and work of the Dutch Sea Beggars
  privateers that plundered Spanish ships
• C. English efforts
• 1. Elizabethan Sea Dogges
• 2. Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588
• 3. Early attempts at English colonization
• 4. Raleighs Lost Colony

45
Map 1
46
Map 2
47
Map 3
48
Map 4
49
Map 5
50
Map 6
51
Map 7
52
Map 8
53
Go to website
http//www.wwnorton.com/college/history/america7