Geography of population 3

1
Geography of population 3

• Migrations

2
Background

• What is migration?
• Why do people migrate?
• How can we classify migrations?
• What are the consequences of migrations?

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Migration as spatial mobility

• Types of mobility
• - social mobility
• - economic mobility
• - cultural mobility
• Spatial mobility
• Migrations

4
Why spatial mobility?

• Human need for movement
• Necessity to procure food and water
  (physiological need)
• Necessity to visit other people (social need)

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Spatial mobility and migration

• How to separate two phenomena that are alike and
  not the same?
• What precisely does migration mean?

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Who is not a migrant?

• People with itinerant lifestyle
• - Nomads
• - Hunters and gatherers
• - Itinerant salesmen
• Activities including high mobility
• - Commercial representatives
• - Technicians on special mission

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Migration

• ... a change of residence, defined
• according to administrative criteria.
• ?
• It is more than simply moving house

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The Roseman model
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Motivation

• Nature/ecosystem (natural disasters of all kinds)
• Society/economy (residential prestige,
  unemployment, depletion of resources)
• Demography (population density, ageing
  population)
• Force (wars, ideology, embargo)

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Ecosystem causes
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Social causes
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Economic causes
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Demographic causes
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Rwanda Switzerland
Surface sqkm Population 2000 millions
Rwanda 26,338 8.508
Switzerland 41,285 7.180
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Force
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Migration theories

• 2 bodies of theories and models
• Deterministic theories migration operates
  according to (natural) laws and is predictable
• Probabilistic theories migration is the result
  of a decision and cannot be foreseen

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Who is right?

• Both! It is a question of scale.
• Macro Certain laws can be recognized on the
  small scale (e.g. inside a country) large
  centres generally attract migrants
• Micro The specific motives for a particular
  migration can be detected on the large scale
  (within a municipality or a district) local
  circumstances influence a decision

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Ravenstein

• The laws of migration
• Distance-dependency (more short than long
  distance migrants)
• Step-wise migration
• Rurals are more mobile than urbanites
• Women are more mobile than men but cover shorter
  distances
• Migration causes counter-movement
• Dominance of economic reasons

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Gravitational model (Reilly)

• Application of physical law on migrations
• Attraction between two centres is inversely
  proportional to the distance
• The larger a centre, the higher its attraction

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Gravitational formula
I exchange between two populations (pi , pj),
d distance, K a constant
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Gravitational model (Stouffer)

• Introduction of opportunities and intervening
  opportunities
• the number of persons migrate over a certain
  distance is proportional to the number of
  opportunities at destination and inversely
  proportional to the number of intervening
  opportunities.
• ? Approach to reality

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Push-pull model

• Push factors
• resources exhausted
• loss of jobs
• discrimination
• lack of marriage partners
• catastrophe (natural or man-made)

• Pull factors
• job opportunities
• higher income
• better training opportunities
• living conditions
• marriage

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Model by Everett Lee

• Combination of positive, negative and neutral
  factors in regions of origin and of destination
• Evaluation of the individual factors by the
  potential migrant
• Intervening obstacles
• ? A probabilistic model with emphasis on choice

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The Lee-model
Origin
obstacles
Destination
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The migration decision

• Decisions are based on logical thinking yes no
• A migration decision is linked to a situation of
  dissatisfaction or to the wish for innovation
• No decision is final, but the return to exactly
  the former situation may be impossible

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The decision-making process (simplified)
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Migration typologies

• How to classify the unclassifiable?
• Dimensions to be taken into account
• - space (distance)
• - time (duration)
• - motive (free will, forced)
• - socio-economic situation of migrants
• - internal or external migration

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Examples

• Ravenstein
• Local migration
• Short distance migration
• Long distance migration
• Step-wise migration
• Temporary migration

• Pierre George
• Intercontinental migration
• International migration
• Rural to rural migration
• Rural to urban migration

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Petersen
Interaction Cause Type conservative innovative
Man-Nature Ecological pressure primitive Nomads, Shift-ing cultivators
Man-State Policy violent Deportation Slavery
Man-State Policy Forced Flight Coolis
Man-Norms Higher claims Voluntary Migration in groups Pioneers
Man-Norms (collective) Social impulses Mass-movements Rural settlements Rural exodus
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Consequences of migration
DIMENSIONS

• Domains
• Demography
• Society
• Culture
• Politics
• Economy
• Environment

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The mobility transition

• Model developed by Zelinsky in 1970
• Based on the idea that different types of
  migration appear at different stages of human
  development (transition linked to process of
  modernization)
• Link to theories of development stages (5
  stages) pre-modern, traditional, transitional,
  advanced, future super-advanced societies)
• Different kinds of mobility

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Frontierward migration

• Very strong in traditional and transitional
  societies
• Extinct in advanced societies (no more pioneer
  land)

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Rural exodus

• Typical for industrial revolution (transitional)
  and advanced society
• Almost vanished in late advanced and
  super-advanced societies (no more rural
  populations)

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Urban-urban migration

• Important in advanced and super-advanced
  societies
• To some extent determined by gravity aspects
• On the increase with growing urbanization of the
  world

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International migration

• Apex reached in early advanced societies
• Nowadays strongly regulated
• New phenomenon in the super-advanced society
  global migration (politcal, economic and
  ecological refugees)

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Ex-urbanization or rurbanization

• Migration movement missing from Zelinskys model
• Urban to rural migration, motivated by aspects of
  quality of life (pollution, population density,
  crime)
• Urban lifestyle is transferred to rural areas

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Substitutes

• Modern transportation means facilitate commuting
• Modern information and telecommu-nications
  technology can replace commuting

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Summary

• Mobility and migrations have been part of human
  history since the beginnings
• They have always changed character
• Migrations are a complex phenomenon that defies
  simple explanation
• Subjective and objective motives mix
• There are no good or bad migrations