SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION

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SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION
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What is Science?
Science is people, fun, observations,
explanations, exploration, properties,
inferences, questions, technology, and
everywhere.
Science is knowledge about the natural world
that is received by observations and experiments.
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Life Science
Biology The study of living things
Branches of Biology

1. Ecology The study of the environment
2. Zoology The study of animals
3. Doctor Human anatomy
4. Botany The study of plants

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Earth Science
Earth Science(Geology) The study of the Earth
Branches of Earth Science

1. Oceanography Study of the Ocean
2. Volcanology Study of volcanoes
3. Seismology Study of earthquakes
4. Meteorology Study of the weather
5. Astronomy Study of space

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Physical Science
Physical Science Study of both matter and
energy
Branches of Physical Science

1. Chemistry The study of all forms of matter
2. Physics The study of energy
3. Astronomy Movement of objects in space
4. Oceanography Study of the waves and tides

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BELLRINGERS
1. Define the word SCIENCE?
2. Get out a piece of paper and tear it in half.
Give half the sheet to your neighbor. List the 6
steps of the scientific method in order.
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WHAT DOES THE WORD SCIENCE MEAN?
Science is an organized body of knowledge
explaining the natural world by making
observations and experimenting. Once a scientist
has made observation, they have to make decisions
about what they saw.
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The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a process for
experimentation that is used to explore
observations and answer questions. Scientists
use the scientific method to search for cause
and effect relationships in nature. In other
words, they design an experiment so that changes
to one item cause something else to change in a
predictable way.
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1. Make an Observation What is an
OBSERVATION? Being a good scientists involves
making great observations and then asking
questions. Several people can observe the
same event but have different explanations.
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Describe what you observe in this picture. DO
NOT discuss it with your neighbors.
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Observations vs. Inferences
An OBSERVATION is something we do with our eyes
when we see something, we observe it. However,
all five of our senses can be used to make
observations sight, hearing, taste, touch, and
smell.
An INFERENCE is an assumption or conclusion based
on an observation. It is a logical interpretation
based on observations and prior knowledge.
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Name 2 observations and 2 inferences
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Name 2 observations and 2 inferences
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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD a step by step way
scientists solve problems.
STEP 2 Problem Statement always written in
questions form
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Step 3 Hypothesis a possible answer to the
problem statement. Always written as an IF gt THEN
statement. If I give 2 cups of water to a tomato
plant, then it will grow better than plants given
more or less water.
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Procedure

• Step 4 Procedure a numbered step set of
  directions
• that explains the experimental setup. Includes
  materials
• list.
• Variable what is being tested, what is
  different in
• the experiment (the amount of water given to the
  plants)
• Independent Variable The independent variable
• is the variable that is manipulated by the
  researcher. 
• Dependent variable factors affected by the
• independent variable.
• Control all the things you keep the same
• (same of plants in a container, same amt
• of sunlight, same amt of dirt, same amt
  offertilizer)

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What is the Dependent and Independent Variable?
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Data and Analysis
Step 5 Data and Analysis explanation of what
happened in the experiment. All data collected
should be displayed on a data table or on a
graph. DATAfactual information gatehred in the
experiment.(information or numbers from
experiment) What is some data you could collect
from these pics?
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• There is two types of data researchers can
  collect
• Qualitative data factual description that do not
  use numbers. For example, describing the
  behavior of animals, color of eyes, how mothers
  react to their young, etc.
• 2. Quantitative data factual information that
  uses number. For example, counting the number of
  young, measure how tall something grow, etc.

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Qualitative or Quantitative?
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Qualitative or Quantitative?
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Step 6 Conclusion the answer to the problem
statement based on the data you collected. Was
the hypothesis correct or not and identify any
errors that might have occurred in the
experiment.
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Abiogenesis vs. Biogenesis
Abiogenesis(spontaneous generation) People
believed life came from abiotic materials.
Ariostotle believed fish came from mud and worms
came from rain. Biogenesis Theory that states
that living things can only come from Living
things.
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Francesco Redi

• Italian Physician challenged abiogenesis
• Hypothesis If there are maggots present, then
  they did NOT come from rotting meat.
• Variables Open meat vs. not open meat
• Conclusion Only maggots on the open meat so
  maggots came from flies.

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Redis Second Experiment

• They argued that the flies were coming from the
  air.
• He added a third set of jars that had mesh.
• This proved that the flies came from maggots.

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John Needham

• He believed in abiogenesis.
• Hypothesis If you boiled broth, living
  organisms still grow from nonliving broth.
• Experiment He boiled broth and bacteria still
  grew a few days later.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani

• Italian priest and biologist
• Hypothesis If you boiled the broth hotter, then
  there would not be any bacteria.
• Experiment He boiled the broth, sealed them.
  Then boiled again to make sure killed the
  bacteria.
• Conclusion No spontaneous generation.

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Louis Pasteur

• French Chemist Solved NO abiogenesis!
• Hypothesis If the broth is exposed to air with
  dust, then there will be more bacteria.
• Experiment Exposed broth to different amounts
  of dust.
• Conclusion More dust more bacteria

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Enzymes in Your Body

• In the mouth, the first area where the food
  enters, there are enzymes which emulsify and help
  to break down the food into a soft liquid mass
  which then easily slides down the esophagus and
  enters the stomach where further enzymes dilute
  the food mass and are responsible for changing
  the pH of the food so that it can more easily be
  absorbed into the cells from the intestines.

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Enzymes

• There are enzymes which are responsible for
  digesting fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. All
  of these enzymes work in concert together to
  insure a smooth working and active digestive
  system. If the food molecules are not totally
  digested and broken down via these enzymes, they
  can sometimes pass through the intestinal barrier
  into the cells in large particles which then
  cannot be efficiently utilized by the body. This
  is one way that food allergies can develop.

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Enzymes in detergent

• Enzymes provide the superior cleaning performance
  needed to attack stains. Each of these enzymes is
  able to attack a specific type of stain or soil.
  Accordingly, the inclusion of multiple enzymes in
  a detergent allows the product to tackle a much
  broader profile of soil types. What's more,
  multiple enzymes can work in concert to remove
  tough stains or soils made up of a variety of
  substances.

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• For example, a food stain might typically contain
  protein, lipid (fat) and starch, necessitating
  the combined actions of protease, lipase and
  amylase for its complete elimination.