THE PERIODIC TABLE

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THE PERIODIC TABLE
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HISTORY
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• Late 18th century Lavoisier's list of 28
  elements
• Early 19th century John Dalton's list of
  approximately 60 elements
• Döbereiner's "triads" of elements with related or
  similar properties e.g., Ca, Sr and Ba
• John Newlands "octaves" or groups of eight
  elements after which properties seemed to repeat

Early History
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(Julius) Lothar Meyer (1830 1895)
German chemist who, independently of Dmitri
Mendeleev, developed a periodic classification of
the chemical elements. Though originally educated
as a physician, he was chiefly interested in
chemistry and physics.
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• Began working on his periodic table of the
  elements in the late 1860s.

• Arranged the known 63 elements by their atomic
  weights and organized them into groups possessing
  similar properties.

• Where there were gaps, he correctly predicted the
  properties for the undiscovered elements
  (gallium, scandium and germanium).

DIMITRI MENDELEEV (1834-1907)
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Henry Moseley (1887-1915)

• Established the concept of atomic numbers.

• Showed that the ordering of the wavelengths of
  the x-ray emissions of the elements coincided
  with the ordering of the elements by atomic
  number(1913).

• Developed periodic table based on atomic number.

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PERIODIC LAW
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS ARE PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
OF THEIR ATOMIC NUMBERS
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GLENN SEABORG (1912-1999)

• starting with plutonium in 1940, he discovered
  all the transuranium elements from 94 to 102

• reconfigured the periodic table by placing the
  actinide series below the lanthanide series

• in 1951, Seaborg was awarded the Nobel Prize in
  chemistry for his work. Element 106 has been
  named seaborgium (Sg) in his honor.

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THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
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PERIODIC TRENDS
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Properties of Major Divisions

• Metals
• lusterous, shiny
• typically solids at room temperature (except Hg)
• good conductors of heat and electricity
• malleable and ductile
• tend to lose electrons easily (form cations)

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Properties of Major Divisions

• Nonmetals
• do not have a metallic luster
• poor conductors of heat and electricity
• may be solid, liquid or gas at room temperature
  (majority are gases)
• not malleable, not ductile
• tend to gain electrons (form anions)

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Properties of Major Divisions
Semi-metals (metalloids) have properties that are
intermediate between metals and nonmetals.
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Atomic Radius
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Ionic Radius
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Ionic Radius
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Electronegativity
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Ionization Energy
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Electron Configuration
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Different Perspectives
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Elmsley, John, The Elements,3rd Ed., Clarendon
Press, Oxford,1998.Chemistry Connections to
Our Changing World, LeMay, et al., Prentice Hall,
1996.http//www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/5
/0,5716,53705152397,00.htmlhttp//www.crosswin
ds.net/smarsden/unit04/l6u4.htmhttp//www.thirt
een.org/archive/hawking/cosmostar/html/cstars_mend
el.htmlhttp//www.sweethaven.com/chemele/pertab0
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