TEKNIK PENGUMPULAN BERITA

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• TEKNIK PENGUMPULAN BERITA
• (KOJ 3431)
• Universiti Putra Malaysia

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UNIT-UNIT

• IV Pengumpulan Penulisan Berita
• Media Cetak Elektronik
• V Pengaruh Persekitaran
• Terhadap Pengumpulan Berita
• VI Pengumpulan Penulisan
• Berita Khusus

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REVISION

• Types of News
• Hard news recent straight forward.
• Soft news feature writings, articles, etc.
• Investigative news that needs probing.
• ACHTUNG!
• Tidak kesemua kandungan modul anda boleh
  diaplikasi kepada sistem media Malaysia kerana
  setiap negara punyai sistem media tersendiri.

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Unit IV
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Pengumpulan Penulisan Berita untuk Media Cetak
Elektronik

• Primary source of information on TV is visuals,
  no matter how good the words or how ordinary the
  visuals.
• TV viewers understand something through visuals
• Radio listeners understand something from sound.

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PERINCIAN UNIT IV

• Pengumpulan Penulisan Berita utk Media Cetak
  Elektronik - Topik2
• Sumber2 pemberitaan secara umum (revision)
• Penghasilan bahan penyiaran
• Menguruskan kesilapan, pembetulan dan pemalsuan
  berita

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Sumber-sumber pemberitaan secara umum (revision)

• Sidang akhbar Q A sessions
• Faks / handouts digesting the information
• Panggilan telefon /call-out susulan, pandangan
• Bersemuka / wawancara temu janji, spontan
• Panggilan masuk /call-in menteri, selebriti,
  aduan
• Artikel-artikel info internet, berita agensi
  luar
• Pemantauan / pemerhatian jenayah, kempen

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Umumnya hampir kesemua teknik melibatkan
wawancara. Antara bentuk lokasi wawancara
(revision)

• Sidang akhbar
• Question Answer session
• Panggilan telefon / call out
• you ask he answers
• you paused he clarifies
• you pressure he pauses (answers/silent/hang-up)
• Bersemuka
• Secara temu janji/ spontan/ saksi/ majlis sosial

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Penghasilan bahan penyiaran

• Memahami DOKUMENTARI
• Basically factual
• Extended treatment of single subject
• Telling about real events, real people
• Includes all the first-rate news reporting.
• Memahami FEATURE
• Can be factual, can be entertainment
• Bagaimanapun, pjg keduanya bergtg kpd subjek,
  produser, bajet, etc.
• Temanya boleh tunggal ataupun bersegmen.

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Penghasilan bahan penyiaran (sambungan)

• Penghasilan Dokumentari Feature terlebih dahulu
  perlukan
• Pengkajian mendalam
• Perangkaan struktur produk
• Pengumpulan Pencantuman bahan-bahan

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Penghasilan Dokumentari Feature (perincian)

• Pengkajian mendalam (Ask yourself)
• What am I trying to achieve?
• What do I want the audience to feel / know?
• What are the main subjects to include?
• How will I run the program?
• How long do I have?
• How much is the budget?
• Who can assist me?

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Penghasilan Dokumentari Feature (perincian)

• Perangkaan struktur produk
• Ask yoourself - Do I need a narrator?
• Should have a beginning, a middle, an end.
• Benefits of having a narrator
• Helping a program covers a lot in a short period
• A linkage (thus, dont interrupt)
• An emotional tie (thus find an assertive one)
• Not needed between every insert
• Never to intervene.

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Penghasilan Dokumentari Feature (perincian)

• Pengumpulan Pencantuman bahan-bahan (perlunya
  sokongan audio)
• Penataan muzik bunyi yg tepat
• Perlu ada signposting jgn assume subjek
  dikenali
• Mulakan dgn montaj, topik promo yg berkesan
• Paparan secara kronologi lebih mudah difahami
• Perlu ada jukstaposisi (connectivity) yg baik
• Penutup sebaiknya ialah beban tugas narator

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Penghasilan Dokumentari Feature (sambungan)

• VISUAL techniques
• Wide shot tells us whats going on
• Medium shot tells a bit more about action
  prepares us for the close-up.
• Close-up usually the most exciting shot which
  gives us a great deal of info about a small
  amount.
• Zooms - can help, but dont overuse them.
• Wide shots, Zoom-outs normally make a good
  closing shots.

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Menguruskan kesilapan pembetulan berita

• Semua media melakukan kesilapan.
• Akhbar umumnya terkandung 4 perkara
• (1) Tajuk utama (2) Fakta
• (3) Kebarangkalian(4) Penyelewengan (lies)
• Media today comprises of 6 common errors
• In details names, age, etc
• Of narrative partial truth.
• Of Invention fictional stories.
• Of context incorrect / missing background.
• Of omission misleading by missing part.
• Of interpretation 22 5??

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Menguruskan kesilapan pembetulan berita
(sambungan)

• 5 punca berlaku kesilapan
• False info from sources
• Poor note-taking
• Failure to double-check
• Not listening to own anxieties
• Rushing into print too early

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Menguruskan kesilapan pembetulan berita
(sambungan)

• Bagaimana menguruskan kesilapan?
• Quickly
• Prompt
• Candor (confess)
• Correction column
• Prepare for legal actions
• Factual errors are easier to correct.

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Unit V
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Pengaruh Persekitaran Terhadap Proses Pengumpulan
Berita

• To live in society, and be free of it, is
  impossibe Bolshevik Lenin
• News is a product of biases Josef Ernst
  (German sociologist)

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PERINCIAN UNIT V

• Pengaruh Persekitaran Terhadap Proses Pengumpulan
  Berita - Topik2
• Pengaruh politik
• Pengaruh budaya poltik
• Pengaruh legislatif / pengawalseliaan
• Pengaruh ekonomi / hak milik
• Pemberitaan perisikan dlm kekangan pengaruh
  persekitaran

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Pengaruh persekitaran - huraian

• Pengaruh politik
• Parti pemerintah
• Parti pembangkang
• NGOs kes tsunami
• Pengaruh budaya politik
• Sistem pemerintahan negara
• Sistem media yg dipakai
• Pengaruh autoritarianism demokrasi liberal
• Pembentukan kewarganegaraan, sejarah, etc.

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Huraian Pengaruh persekitaran(sambungan)

• Pengaruh legislatif
• Akta / Undang2
• Censorships
• Codes ethical codes, etc.
• Physical force
• Pengaruh ekonomi
• Ownership control
• Proprietorial control lantik pemerhati
• Shares ownerships
• Alliances sister companies

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Pemberitaan perisikan

• Apa yg perlu dirisik? Anything
• Apa fungsinya? check balance
• Pendekatan
• Honest ethical
• Courage to admit mistakes

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Pendekatan melakukan pemberitaan perisikan

• Research the records interview in depth
• Dont wait to be assigned
• Be cautious, tactful, patience and perseverance.
• Repetitious work on checking documents
• Remember OSA!
• Practise smart interviewing
• Stay focus be independent (dont become a
  police, etc.)

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Unit VI
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Pengumpulan Penulisan Berita Khusus

• wartawan perlu sentiasa mengekalkan identiti
  kewartawanannya (be a celebrated journalist not
  a celebrity journalist), selain bersikap adil
  menghormati setiap sumber-sumbernya (bias
  favoritism is bad for reporting)

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PERINCIAN UNIT VI

• Pengumpulan Penulisan Berita Khusus - Topik2
• Bagaimana menulis berita khusus?
• Jenis2 Berita Khusus

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Bagaimana Menulis Berita Khusus

• Remember!
• The stronger the story, the easier it is to write
• Writing is easy, BUT gathering credible sources
  is difficult

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Ciri-ciri Major incidents (Cth Tsunami)

• Chaotic
• Witnesses are traumatised
• Witnesses are confused
• Witnesses are visualized things
• Mostly are urban legends stories.

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Bagaimana menjadikan bahan berita anda
berkredibiliti?

• Semak kronologi peristiwa
• Dptkan LAPORAN saksi
• Semak dokumen / rekod sedia ada
• Dptkan anggaran jumlah yg terkorban
• Dptkan pandangan pakar/ intelektual
• Dptkan anchor piece (Cth Black box)
• Semak senarai korban kalau2 ada individu yg
  terkenal terlibat / terbabit

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Bagaimana melaporkan angka kematian / korban?

• Penggunaan / pemilihan kata2 yg tepat
• At least / Sekurang2nya
• Approximately / Dianggarkan
• Until to date / Sehingga kini

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Bagaimana menyampaikan berita kematian kpd
keluarga mangsa mengumpul bahan laporan?

• The golden rule is TO EMPHATISE
• Berikan ruang dan sense of control
• Tinggalkan nombor hp anda
• Bersedia secara fizikal spiritual
• Jgn sekali-kali bawa buku nota
• Dtg sebagai manusia! simpati, empati, berhemah,
  non-verbal yg tepat, etc.
• Dlm apa keadaan, pemberita perlu fokus never to
  be diverted from his task!

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Jenis-jenis Berita Khusus

• Editorial
• Kolum-kolum
• Profil-profil
• Laporan Ucapan (Cth Ucapan dasar)
• Laporan/ berita Sukan
• Laporan/ berita Lifestyles
• Laporan/ berita Bisnes

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Huraian jenis-jenis Berita Khusus

• Editorial (punyai 3 bahagian)
• Kenyataan berhubung isu, andaian, peristiwa
• Komen berhubung isu / perkara tertentu
• Kesimpulan / resolusi cdgn sesuatu konflik
• Kolum2 (punyai 3 bahagian)
• Straight-forward opinion
• Punyai kajian / rujukan tertentu
• Bnyk pandangan peribadi (Cth gosip)

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Huraian jenis-jenis Berita Khusus(sambungan)

• Profil2 (feature writings)
• Format utama square
• Fokus utama person with personality
• Banyak gunakan quotations
• Ucapan
• Be a journalist never a steno
• Find whats new - never reproduce the text
• Must have speakers background

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Huraian jenis-jenis Berita Khusus(sambungan)

• Sukan (feature writings)
• Mostly interpretative than objective
• Should inform, interpret, illustrate
• However speculative, must be fact-oriented.
• Can be factual, can be opinion
• Mostly written and published in advance.
• Lifestyles (feature writings - square)
• Public-related articles
• Soft approach, exploring on current future

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Huraian jenis-jenis Berita Khusus(sambungan)

• Bisnes (can be soft / hard news)
• Terbahagi dua
• (1) utk pakar
• (2) utk publik
• Must do
• Avoid jargon (cth pedagang matawang)
• Define explain the meanings of terms
• Humanize the news bkn papar figura shj.

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Terima kasih Wassalamualaikum