Introduction to tromatodes

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Introduction to tromatodes

• Phylum Platyhelminthes
• ?????Class Trematoda
  ???
• Order Digenea ???

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Morphology

• Adult worm
• Flattened (flatworm) and leaf like (??/??)
• Sucker oral ventral (?????,fluke)
• Body wall musculo-tegumental sac(?????)
• Parenchyma (??, structure between body wall and
  internal organs) connective tissue fibers, cells
  and space between them

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• Digestive tract not intact i.e. no anal
  opening, caecum
• Reproductive system hermaphrodite (monoecious)
  exception of schistosome
• Muscular system
• Nervous system
• Excretory system

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• Egg
• Size divergent
• Ovoid
• Operculum (exception of that of schistosome)
• Content ovum , vitelline cells, or miracidium

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Egg of Clonorchis sinensis
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Egg of Paragonimus westermani
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Egg of Fasciolopsis buski
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Features Reflecting Adaptation to Parasitism

• Organs of attachment highly developed
• Retardation of digestive system
• Highly developed reproductive system

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Life Cycle

• Complex
• Alteration of generationsexual generation and
  asexual generation alter in the life cycle of
  parasite
• Asexual multiplication in larval stage in snail
  host
• Multiple hosts transfer and having reservoir
  hosts in majority
• Water environment is essential

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???????

• ??(Egg) ??(Miracidium)
• ??(Sporocyst) ??(Redia)
• ??(Cercaria) ??(Metacercaria)
• ??(Preadult) ??(Adult worm)

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Important Species

• Liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis
• Intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski
• Lung fluke Paragonimous westermani
  P. skrjabini
• Blood fluke Schistosoma spp.

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?????

• Clonorchis sinensis

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??

• ?????
• ?????,????????
• ???????????
• ????1874??1908??

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????(Morphology)

• 1.??(adult worm)
• ????????
• ?????????
• ?????????
• ????,????

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Section of C.sinensis
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2.??(Egg)

• ????????
• ????,??????,??????,????

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?????(life cycle)

• Adult Egg Miracidia
• ??
• ??
• Larve Metacercariae Cercariae

?
??
? ? ?
? ? ?
??? ??
?
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The first intermediate host of C.sinensis
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The second intermediate host of C.sinensis
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Metacercariae of C.sinensis
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life-cycle features

• HabitationHepatic bile duct
• Need 2 intermediate hosts
• ??????
• Infection route?????(Oral)
• Egg in feces
• Definitive hostMan,dog cat?

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????(Pathogenesis)

• Pathogenic stageAdult worm
• ?????????????
• ????????????????

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Infection rate of reservoir host

• cat 55.8
• dog 74.4
• swine 3.6

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????(Laboratory diagnosis )

• ?????(etiological examination)
• ????????? ?????????
• ?????(immunological diagnosis) ?Ab,CAg
• ??????(????)

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??Epidemiology and control

• 1.Distribuion
• ???????????
• 2.In China
• Covering 24 Provinces,Highest prevalence in
  Kwantung and North East China

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3.Prophylaxis

• 1)Cure patients and carriers
• ???(Praziquantel)
• 2)Hygienic educationAvoid eating
• raw or undercooked freshwater fishes.
• Carry out scientific fish-breeding
• 3)Control reservoir hosts

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Endemic area of clonorchiasis sinensis
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??????

• Paragonimus westermani

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??

• ?????????
• ?????
• ??????,?????
• ????????,???
• ???????????
• ?????????????

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????(Morphology)

• 1.Adult worm
• ??????????
• ????(???????)
• ?????
• ????????

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Adult of Paragonimus westermani
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Cuticular spines of adult P.westermani
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• 2.Egg
• ????????
• ????????
• ??????????
• ????????????

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?????(Life cycle)
???

• Adult Egg miracidium
• 
  ??
• 
  I?II??
• ?? metacercaria
  ??

?
???
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Semisulcospira bensoni The first intermediate
host of P.westermani
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The second intermediate host of P.westermani
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Metacercariae of P. westermani
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??????????

• ?? 1773?
• ?? 2531?
• ?? 4520?
• ?? 5833?(36??)

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Life-cycle feature

• ???metacercaria
• ?? Migration
• ??Lung, ectopic parasitism
• ?Eggs discharged with feces sputum
• Reservoir hosts parattenic hosts

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????(Pathogenesis)

• ????Adult Preadult
• ???????????
• ?????????
• ?????????????
• ??????????????

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Clinical types

• ???
• ????
• ??
• ???

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????(dignosis)

• ???X?
• Etiological examination
• ????10NaOH??-???
• ??????
• Immunological dignosis

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????(Epidemiology)

• 1.??(Distribution)
• ????????
• ??24??????,????
• ?????????????
• ??????????

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Paragonimus westermani infection occurs in
Asia ,Central-West Africa, South America
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• 2.????(Epidemic factors)
• ?????????????
• ????????????
• ?????????
• ???????

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????(Control measures)

• 1.Hygienic education
• block rout of infection
• 2.Treat patients
• drug of choice-Praziquantel

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??????

• Fasciolopsis buski

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????

• ????,??
• ????????
• ???????
• ??????

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??

• ??????????
• ?????
• ??????????

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???

• ?????
• ?????,????
• ????????
• ??????????????
• ????????

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Life cycle of Fasciolopsis buski
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??

• ????,??????
• ?????????

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?????

• ???????
• ?????
• ????,????
• ?????

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Fasciolopsis buski is endemic in China (Taiwan),
South-East Asia, Malaysia and India.
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?????????

• ????? ?????????
• (?????)
• ????? ???????
• (?????)
• ????? ?????
• (?? ???)

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??????Schistosoma japonicum
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?????????

• ????? ???????
• (?????)
• ????? ??????
• (?????)
• ????? ????
• (?? ???)

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????(Morphology of adult worm)

• ????
• ???????????
• ??????(????)
• ????(7?)????
• ???????

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S.japonicum


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????(Morphology of egg)

• ???,????
• ?????????
• ????

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• Adult Egg
  Miracidium
• 
  ?
• ?
  ??
• 
  Sporocyst
• ?
• Penetrating the skin
• ?? Cercaria
  ???

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???(?????)

• ?????????
• ????????
• I?II??????
• ??????

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A cercaria of S. japonicum
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Oncomelania hupensis
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??????

• ????
• ???,?????
• ???????
• ?????

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???(?????)

• ??(???)????
• ?? ???????
• ?? ????????
• ?? ???????

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Life-cycle features

• ????????
• ??????????
• ????,?????
• ???????
• ???????????

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?????(tissue egg)

• ????????????????????????
• ????????????????10???, ??11?, ?????????????

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??(Pathogenesis)

• ??(Cercaria) ?????
• ??(young worm)????
• ??(Adult worm)?????
• ??(Egg)?????
• (?????????
• ??????)

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?????????

• ?? ????????????
• ?? ????????????? ??(?????????? ?-????????????)
• ????????

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????????

• ????????????????? ????
• ????????????
• ?????????????
• ?????????????????

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??????????
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????????(Immuno)

• ??????
• ????(concomitent immunity)
• ??????????
• ????????????
• ?????????????

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??????(Diagnosis)

• ??????????????
• ????????????
• ????(Kato)?
• ???????
• ?????????CAg?????

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Schistosome miracidium
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???????

• ??????
• ???
• ???
• ???
• ????????

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??????

• ??
• ??25-30oC
• ??
• pH6.8-9.2
• ??????

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???????Epidemology Control

• ??????12??
• ??????????
• ??????
• ???????
• ?????????

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????????

• ???
• ?????
• ???

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???? ???????

• ????1.8-2.0?
• ??47???
• ??18???
• ????11???

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????????????

• 50?? 2003?
• ???(?) 1,100 105
• ??? 381 108
• ????(?M2) 148 34
• ????(?) 60 5

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????
????????? ???????????? ??????
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???????????

S.haematobium ???
S.japonicum ????
S.mansoni ?????
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• S.japonicum
  
• Parasitic site the mesenteric vein
• Infection stage Cercaria
• Pathogenic stage Egg
• Etiologic dignosis Sedimentation technique and
  miracidium-hatching
• Drug Praziquantel

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