????? ???? ??????? (Manual): ??? ??????? ??????? (Abacus)?????? ????? (Napier's Bones)? ????? ?????.

1
?????? ??????

• ????? ?? ???????

2
????? ???? ??????? ?

• ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????
  ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????
  ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
  ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????.
• ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????
  ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ???? ???????
  ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????
  ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????
  ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???
  ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????.

3
?? ???? ??????? ?

• ?? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??
  ?????
• ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????
  ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??
  ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????.
• ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
  ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????
  ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ???
  ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????
  ????????.

4
?????? ???????

• ?????? - ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.
• ????? - ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????.
• ??? ??????? - ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????.
• ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????.
• ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????
  ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????.
• - ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????.

5
???? ????????

• ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??
  ??????? ????????? ???????? ????
• ????? ???? ??????? (Manual) ??? ??????? ???????
  (Abacus)?????? ????? (Napier's
  Bones)? ????? ?????.

6
???? ????????-2

• ????? ???? ??? ?????? (Semi-automatic) ???? ????
  ??? ?????????? (Mechanics) ??? ??? ??????(Pascal
  Machine)? ??? ?????? (Leibnitz Machine).

7
???? ????????-3

• ????? ???? ?????? (Automatic) ???? ???? ???
  ???????? (Electricity) ??? ??? ?????
  (Babbage Machine) ??? ?????? (Hollerith Machine)
  ? ?????? ??????????????? (Electromechanical
  Machines).

8
???? ????????

• ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ???
  ????????????(Electronics).????? ??? ????????
  ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????
  ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????
• 1- ????? ENIAC ?????? ??? ????? ????????.

9
???? ???????? -2

• 2-????? EDVAC ????? ????? ??????? ???????
  ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????

10
???? ???????? -3

• 3- ????? EDSAC ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????
  ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????
  ?????? ???????.

11
???? ???????? -4

• 4- ??????? UNIVAC ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????
  ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????.

12
????? ????????

• ????? ????? First Generation
• ?????? ??????? 1956 1946.
• ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????.
• ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????.
• ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? (Machine
  Language)? ???? ?????????? (Mnemonics Language)?
  ???? ??????? (Assembly Language).
• ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????.
• ??? ??????? ????? ????? (1/1000 ?? ???????).
• ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??
  ?????.
• ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????
• ????? EDVAC? ????? EDSAC? ??????? UNIVAC.

13
????? ???????? ...

• ????? ?????? Second Generation
• ?????? ??????? 1964 1956.
• ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????.
• ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???
  ???? ???????? ???????.
• ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
  ???? (High Level Languages) ??? ????? (ALGOL)
  ?????? (COBOL) ???????? (FORTRAN) ??????.
• ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? (Batch System).
  
• ??? ??????? 10 ?????????? (???????????? 1
  ???????? ?? ???????).
• ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????
• IBM 7090 ?IBM 7094? PDP8? BurroughsD210.

14
????? ???????? ...

• ????? ?????? Third Generation 
• ?????? ??????? 1971 1964.
• ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????
  (Integrated Circuits) .
• ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????
  (Magnetic Disks)
• ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????
  (Structured Programming
  Languages) .
• ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????
  (Interacting Operating System) .
• ??? ??????? 100 ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????????
  (100 ????????? )
• ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? IBM 360 .

15
????? ???????? ...

• ????? ?????? Fourth Generation
• ?????? ??????? 1984 1972.
• ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????
  (Microprocessors) ????? ???????
  ??? ???? ???? ???? .
• ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????
  ??????.
• ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? .
• ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? (Virtual
  Operating System).
• ??? ??????? 1 ????????? .
• ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????
  ??????? (Microcomputers)
  ???????????? ???????? (PersonalComputers) ???
  IBM-PC ? APPLE ?????? .

16
????? ???????? ...

• ????? ?????? Fifth Generation
• ?????? ??????? 1990 1984.
• ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????
  ??? ???? ??? (100) ??? ????? ????????
  Semiconductors .
• ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????
  (Optical Disks).
• ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????
  ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? HTML .
• ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? (Expert Systems)?
  ????? ??????? (Knowledge Systems)? ????????
  ?????? ????????? (Artificial Intelligence)?
  ?????? ????? (Robot).
• ??? ??????? 1 ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
  (???????????).
• ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? Cray II .

17
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????

• ?????? ??????? 2006 1990.
• ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????
  ???????? (Superconductors).
• ????? ???????? Flash Memory, MMS???????
  ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???
  ????? DVD ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.
• ???? ??????? ??? Java ???? ?? ???? C ?????? ??
  ?????? ??????? Visual Programming.
• ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? Cary Y-MP
  C90 ???? ????? ??? 16 ??????? ????? ??? ??? 100
  Gflops (Gflops 910 ????? ????????).
• ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????
  ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? WAN. ??? ???
  ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????
  ????.???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???????
  ???????.

18
??????? ???????

• ?????? ?????? (Decimal System).
• ???? ?????? 10 ???? Ten.
• ???? ?????? (0?1?2?3?4?5?6?7?8?9).
• ????? ??????? ?? ????? -

100 ??????? ??????? (??????)
101 ??????? ?????? (???????)
102 ??????? ??????? (??????)
103 ??????? ??????? (??????)
. .
. .
. .
19
?????? ?????? ...

• ????
• ????? ????? 267 ??????? ??????

77 X 100
606 X 101
2002 X 102
??????? 267



20
??????? ???????

• ?????? ??????? (Binary Number System).
• ???? ?????? 2 ????? .
• ???? ?????? (0?1).
• ????? ??????? ?? ????? -

20 ??????? ???????
21 ??????? ??????
22 ??????? ???????
23 ??????? ???????
. .
. .
. .
21
?????? ??????? ...

• ????
• ????? ????? 1101 ??????? ???????

1
0
1
1
20 1
21 2
22 4
23 8
??????? ???????
??????? ??????
??????? ???????
??????? ???????
22
?????? ??????

• ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????
• ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????
• ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????

23
????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????

• ????
• ???? ????? ??????? (101101)? ???? ??????
  ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????.

24
????

• ????
• ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????
  ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????

1X20 0X21 1X22 1X23 0X24 1X25 101101
1 0 4 8 0 32
45
1 0 1 0 0 1
25
????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????

• ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??
  ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????
  ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???
  ???? ?????? ??????? (2) ?????? ?????? ??? ??
  ????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
  ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????.
• ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? 37 ??? ?? ???? ????

26
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? 37 ??? 100101 37 2
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? 37 ??? 100101 1 18 2
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? 37 ??? 100101 0 9 2
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? 37 ??? 100101 1 4 2
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? 37 ??? 100101 0 2 2
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? 37 ??? 100101 0 1 2
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? 37 ??? 100101 1 0 2
27

• ????? ????? 40 ?? ?????? ??? ????????
• 101000

2 40
20 0
10 0
5 0
2 1
1 0
0 1

28

• 40

0X20 0X21 0X22 1X23 0X24 1X25
0 0 0 8 0 32
40
29
???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????

• ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??
  ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? (??????
  ??????? ??????? ???????) ?? ?????? ???????.

30
????? ?? ?????? ??????? (Binary Addition)

• ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??
  ?????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??
  ??? ???????

1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
___ ? ___ ? ___ ? ___
10 1 1 0
(0 ???? 1)
31
????

• ???? ??????? 1001 (?? 9 ?? ?????? ??????) ?1010
  (?? 10 ?? ?????? ??????).

32
????
9 1001
10 1010
____ ______
19 10011
33

• ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ?????? ????? ??????? 10011 ???? ???? ???? ??
  ????? ?????

1X20 1X21 0X22 0X23 1X24 10011
1 2 0 0 16
19
34
????? ?? ?????? ??????? (Binary Subtraction)

• ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????
  ????? ????? ?????? ??????

- 0 - 1 - 1 - 0
1 1 0 0
___ ? ___ ? ___ ? ___
1 0 1 0
(???????)
35
????

• ???? ????? ??????? 101 (?? 5 ?? ?????? ??????) ??
  ????? ??????? 1011 (?? ????? 11 ?? ?????? ??????).

36
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
37

320
99

38
11 1011
- 5 - 101
____ ______
6 110
39

• ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????
  ??????? (??? 110) ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????
  ?????

0X20 1X21 1X22 110
0 2 4
6
40
????? ?? ?????? ??????? (Binary Multiplication)

• ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????
  ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????

x 1 x 1 x 0 x 0
1 0 1 0
___ ? ___ ? ___ ? ___
1 0 0 0
41
????

• ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? 1001 (?? 9 ??
  ?????? ??????) ?101 (?? 5 ?? ?????? ??????).

42
9 1001
x 5 x 101
____ ______
45 1001 0000 1001
______
101101
43

• ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????
  ????? 45? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????
  ???.
• ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????
  ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? (?????? ????????
  ????) ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????

1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
___ ? ___ ? ___ ? ___
1 ?? ???? 0 ?? ????
44
????

• ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? 2
  (10100) ?? 20 ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? 2(100)
  ????? ?? ?????? ??????

45
00101
10100 100
100
0010
000
100
100
0000
46

•   ?? ?? ??????. 100
• ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????
  ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??

0X20 0X21 1X22 0X23 1X24 10100
0 0 4 0 16

47
0X20 0X21 1X22 100
0 0 4
4
1X20 0X21 1X22 101
1 0 4
5
48

• ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??
• 20 54

49
????? ?????????