Symbiotic Relationships

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Symbiotic Relationships
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• Symbiosis is an interaction between two different
  organisms.
• Symbiotic relationships between organisms from
  different biological species help them to benefit
  from living together.

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1. Mutualism
Red-billed Oxpecker Impala
A symbiotic relationship in which two different
biological species live together and both of them
benefit.
Species 1
Species 2


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Both gain
Mutualism

• The symbiotic relationship between the sea
  anemone and the clownfish has been a much studied
  topic. In return for the anemone's protection,
  the fish brings scraps to it, and lures larger
  fish into the anemone's tentacles.

No one loses
Clown Fish and Anemone
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• Mutualism

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2. Commensalism
One species benefits but does no harm to the
other species.
Burdocks (common weeds) seeds attach to animals
in order to be spread great distances. A nuisance
but no harm done.
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Barnacles attach onto whale and have a traveling
home. No harm to the whale.
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Commensalism
Pseudoscorpions catch a ride (hitchhike) on the
leg of a fly.
Egrets feed on the insects stirred up by the
movement of the grazing animals. The egrets
benefit from the arrangement, but the livestock,
generally, do not.
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3. Parasitism

• The relationship in which one species benefits
  while harming the other .
• Parasite is a organism that feeds on tissues or
  fluids of another.
• Host is the organism that is affected by the
  parasite.

Parasite
Host -
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Because the parasite needs the host to remain
alive, it is advantageous for the parasite NOT to
kill its host, however there are examples of when
death of the host occurs.
The Wasp is a parasite to the caterpillar (tomato
hornworm) the host
cocoons of pupating wasps
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Parasitism
Head louse on someones head
The host loses
The parasite gains
White flies on a plant
Heart worm in dog heart
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4. Predation

• A type of relationship in which one organism or
  species feeds upon another organisms or species.
• There is a predator and a prey
• There are many example of predators

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A predator is an organism that eats another
organism.
The prey is the organism which the predator eats.
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The words "predator" and "prey" are almost always
used to mean only animals that eat animals, but
the same concept also applies to plants Bear and
berry, rabbit and lettuce, grasshopper and leaf.
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Predator and prey evolve together. The prey is
part of the predator's environment, and the
predator dies if it does not get food, so it
evolves whatever is necessary in order to eat the
prey speed, stealth, camouflage (to hide while
approaching the prey), a good sense of smell,
sight, or hearing
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The predator is part of the prey's environment,
and the prey dies if it is eaten by the predator,
so it evolves whatever is necessary to avoid
being eaten speed, camouflage (to hide from the
predator), a good sense of smell, sight, or
hearing (to detect the predator), thorns, poison
(to spray when approached or bitten)
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Predation and parasitism are examples of
ecological interactions in which one species
takes advantage of another species. Predators use
their prey as a source of food only. Parasites
use their hosts both as a food and as a habitat.
Tapeworm is a parasite found in human intestines
Hare is prey of the Lynx which is the predator
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When the number of prey goes up the number of
predator will go up.
When the number of predators goes up the number
of prey will soon go down and soon the number of
predator goes down.
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Short Quiz
4 Questions
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Quick Tips

• MUTUALISM Thumbs up
• COMMENALISM Thumb up/Thumb side
• PARASITISM Thumb up/Thumb down

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Which type of symbiotic relationship?
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Tick birds eating ticks off a water buffalo.
A. mutualism
B. commensalism
C. Parasitism
They both get benefit. Bird gets food and buffalo
gets rid of ticks.
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White flies sucking juices out of a plant leaf.
A. mutualism
B. commensalism
C. Parasitism
Which type of symbiotic relationship? 2
One benefits the other loses
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One species benefits but does no harm to the
other species.

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A. mutualism
B. commensalism
C. Parasitism
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Which of the symbiotic relationships would this
represent?
Species 1
Species 2
benefit -
A. mutualism
B. commensulism
C. Parasitism
D. predation