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• The Cell by Alberts
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• Essential Cell Biology by Alberts
• Human Molecular Biology by Strachan Read
• Genetics Analysis by Griffiths
• http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?dbB
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• http//www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/
• http//www.nhgri.nih.gov/DIR/VIP/

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www.tau.ac.il/gilast than press Course
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?????? Genetics
??? ????? genes-   ????????
????????? Molecular Biology
??? ??????? ????? Gene expression

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9. Molecular Biology of Cancer
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Embryonic stem cells
Day 1
Day 2-3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6-9
Day 14
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Basics of cell biologydevelopment
Fertilized egg
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Basics of cell biologydevelopment
Cells differentiation is due to different
gene Switches going on and off
These cells are different because they express a
subset of their 21,000 genes
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Gene - encodes for protein
nucleus
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DNA - The fundamental chemical unit of life ACTG
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• The smallest known cells are a group of tiny
  bacteria called mycoplasmas some of these
  single-celled organisms are spheres about 0.3
  micrometre in diameter, with a total mass of
  14x10-10 gram--equal to that of 8,000,000,000
  hydrogen atoms.
•  
• Human cells typically have a mass 400,000 times
  larger, but even they are only about 20
  micrometres across. It would require a sheet of
  about 10,000 human cells to cover the head of a
  pin, and each human being is composed of more
  than 75,000,000,000,000 cells.

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20-30 ???? ???
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We humans are 99.9 identical at the DNA sequence
level

• We are a young species--100,000 humans came out
  of Africa lt150,000 years ago

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The pathway of gene expression
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The Flow of the genetic Information
Gene
Function
gt DNA sequence AATTCATGAAAATCGTATACTGGTCTGGTACCGGC
AACAC TGAGAAAATGGCAGAGCTCATCGCTAAAGGTATCATCGAA TCT
GGTAAAGACGTCAACACCATCAACGTGTCTGACGTTA ACATCGATGAAC
TGCTGAACGAAGATATCCTGATCCTGGG TTGCTCTGCCATGGGCGATGA
AGTTCTCGAGGAAAGCGAA TTTGAACCGTTCATCGAAGAGATCTCTACC
AAAATCTCTG GTAAGAAGGTTGCGCTGTTCGGTTCTTACGGTTGGGGCG
A CGGTAAGTGGATGCGTGACTTCGAAGAACGTATGAACGGC TACGGTT
GCGTTGTTGTTGAGACCCCGCTGATCGTTCAGA ACGAGCCGGACGAAGC
TGAGCAGGACTGCATCGAATTTGG TAAGAAGATCGCGAACATCTAGTAG
A
gt Protein sequence MKIVYWSGTGNTEKMAELIAKGIIESGKDVN
TINVSDVNI DELLNEDILILGCSAMGDEVLEESEFEPFIEEISTKISGK
KVALFGSYGWGDGKWMRDFEERMNGYGCVVVETPLIVQNE PDEAEQDC
IEFGKKIANI
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DNA Transcription and Translation
Growing chain of amino acids
mRNA
Protein
Ribosome
Nuclear membrane
Cell membrane
DNA
Adapted from Understanding Gene Testing, NIH, 1995
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9. Molecular Biology of Cancer 10. Recombinant
DNA 11. Retroelements and Origin of life

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???? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?-DNA
??? ?????
H
deoxy
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????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? DNA ?-RNA
RNA
DNA
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????? ???? ????? 1 ?? ?????
O
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N - ???? C ???? O - ????
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DNA ?? ?????
ssDNA
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???? ???? ?????????????
1) ??? '3 '5 ????? ??-????? 2) ???????? 3)
??? 5 ??? 3 4) ????? ?? ????? ????
(upstream or downstream)
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??? ????? ?????? ??? ?-DNA
GAACCTGAGACCTACUGGTCCC
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?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?"? ??????-????
????? ??????
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?????? ?????? - basepairing
???? ?????
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???? ?? DNA ??-?????
Base pair bp Double strand DNA dsDNA
???????? ?????
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?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? DNA

1. ????-????? ???????? ?????
2. ???? ?????

3. ???? ???? 4. ?? ????? ?????? ???? bp 1
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???? ????? ????? ????
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???? ????? ????? dsDNA
????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????
????? ????
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dsDNA
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Helix axis
DNA road
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?????
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Groove ????/?????
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AT and GC
???????? ??? ?????
A 10-10
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Mili (m) 10-3 Micro (m) 10-6 Nano (n)
10-9 Pico (p) 10-12 Fenta (f) 10-15
A 10-10
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dsDNA
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8. 2001 Human genome published
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Fred Griffith (1928) DNA Transformation
S
R
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Fred Griffith (1928) DNA Transformation
1
S
2
R
3
4
2
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Transformed
???????
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Fred Griffith (1928) DNA Transformation
??????
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????? ???????
???????????
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????? ?? DNA ?? ??? ?????? ?????
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Stem cell line
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Water on Mars
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