Canadian Environmental Practices, 1994

1
Canadian Environmental Practices, 1994
Percent
2
21st century Neo-liberalism

1. Increased competition among cities to attract
   capital
2. Businesses for generating employment and sources
   of undermine tax revenues
3. Widening inequalities between groups and
   individuals,
4. Discrepancies in the level of essential services
   provided to citizens

3
Commodified Natural Resources

• WATER
• ELECTRICITY
• LUMBER
• MINERALS
• Commodification of basic resources-is
  exploitative

4
21st centuryprivatization

• Privatisation of water and sanitation  a reality
• The right to adequate housing lost
• Health care-two tier
• Education- only for the wealthy

5
Privatized Global Economy

• In fact, corporate globalisation, is one of the
  greatest threats to universal access to clean
  drinking water and sanitation

6
Environmental Theories

• Sustainable Development Modernization
  (Structural functional)
• Environmental Management (structural functional)
• Political economy-Dependency (conflict)
• Deep Ecology-Bio Centric (symbolic
  interactionist)
• Eco-feminism (Feminist Conflict)

7
Structural Functionalism

• Globalization is part of the adaptive historical
  process of modernization
• Global integration occurs through processes of
  adaptation within institutions.
• Symbiosis-Politics, economics, religion are
  separate institutions.

8
1a. Functionalism Sustainable development

• Functionalists argue that the system is
  working.
• Environment will be cared for on a needs basis. 
• Incremental changes only-Ie. Automobile green
  plan

9
1b. Sustainable development

• -Functionalists view globalization in terms of
  sustainable development,
• Conservationists- refer tomanaged natural
  resources by applying modern engineering and
  administrative techniques. 

10
1c. Sustainable opportunities

• The system provides opportunities, if we dont
  get on the bandwagon we will be lost.
• Functionalists and conservatives are in favour of
  free market economics.
• The free market will take care of itself.
• Ie. dictate demand and pricing.

11
2. Environmental management

•  Environmental management-calls for moderate
  government interventions
• Some limited protection to the environment
  without seriously curtailing economic activity

12
Environmental management

• Keep private enterprises running but apply some
  universal tax to make the system fairer for all.
• .

13
3. Marxist Dependency Theory International

• -First vs Third World
• Exploitation, global Apartheid

14
3b. Marxist Dependency Theory Canada

• Canadian industrialization created an industrial
  capitalist class and a proletariat, class
  relationships are the main force in Canadian
  history.

15

• Canadian capitalism-now driven to global
  parameters
• Stanley Ryerson used this type of Marxist
  analysis

16
4. Marxist Political Economy-

• Socialist-Alan Schnailbergs From Surplus to
  Scarcity
• Production and Consumption Cycle
• The Problem is mans productive activities
  advertising. 

17
From Surplus to Scarcity

• Schnailberg calls this..The Treadmill of
  Production consumerismproducerism.
• Corporate producers create demand for new
  products through the medium
• .

18
Global Exploitation

• Other writers have argued that Canada is part of
  the first world
• Canada exploits third world or poorer countries,
  especially in the Caribbean and in parts of South
  America

19

• FOR MARXISTS
• THE GLOBAL VILLAGE is THE GLOBAL EXPLOITATIVE
  MARKET
• FREE ENTERPRISE IS AN ILLUSION
• FREE FOR WHO?

20
Surplus Value (conflict theory)

• To maximise profits , services and water quality
  are put at risk
• Profits lead to understaffing thus lay-offs
• Double negative impact as they hurt consumers as
  well as the workers involved.

21
Capitalism and Profit

1. Local crops are replaced by specialized
   industries
2. Standard of living may go up for some,
3. For most others there is increasing exploitation.
    

22

• Instead of goods exchanged through barter,
• Individuals must work for a company and pay for
  goods in cash.
• This has been linked to patriarchy and alienated
  labour.

23
Average Annual Income, by Country, 2003
  Less than US 430   US 430 - 1,110   US
1,110 - 2,350   US 2,350 - 7,490   US
7,490 or more   No data
24
World Map (with area a function of percent of
each countrys population living on less than US
2/day, 2003)
25
4. Deep Ecology -Leftist liberal

• SEE WEBER on values
• Deep Ecology Movement- founded by Arne Naess
  Norweign (1970)
• Like Weber and SI-
• Deep ecology theory is about human values and
  beliefs

26
4. Deep Ecology -Leftist liberal

• Like Weber- their concern is about the
  increasing rationalization of the world through
  capitalistic activities
• Globalization imprisons us like an iron cage

27
Deep Ecocology-bio-centric approach

• Ecological thinkers Americans Bill Devall and
  George Sessions (1985)-apply a bio-centric
  approach-
• We are all rooted in ecology and we have a
  moral obligation
• Both to other human beings and to plants and
  animals
•  

28
Colonial Legacy-The New Imperialism

• In the twentieth century, this colonial and elite
  legacy became associated with strong central
  state and a form of liberalism associated with
  the United States.

29
Imperialism entails that..

• SlowlyUS liberalism, capitalism and
  globalization supercede environment issues.
• .

30
5..Ecofeminism-

• Radical Feminism and the Wiccan Movement
• An alternative eco-philosophy who believe that
  the oppression and exploitation of women and the
  environment are related.

31
Women and Nature

• Androcentricism is the culpritWomen are more
  innately attuned to nature than men
• Impacts on women (more oppressed category like
  racial and ethnic minorities)
• Women, work and family affected in three ways

32
Ester Boserup (1970)

• An Eco-feminist
• Wrote an important book entitled, Womens Role in
  Economic Development,
• She argues that modernization has contributed to
  a decline in womens status.

33
Patriarchy and alienated labour.

•  
• Instead of goods exchanged through barter,
  individuals must work for a company and pay for
  goods in cash.
• Exchanging capital has been linked to patriarchy
  and alienated labour.

34
 Development Programs and Capitalization

• Women face discrimination
• Women not compensated at the same rate as men
• Husbands unwilling to accept domestic
  responsibility
• Women have not gained political power

35
3 IssuesGlobalization and Women

• 1.    Land is taken away from women and local men
  whove worked together and is given over to a few
  men-owners of the means of production
•  

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Womens Work (domestic)

• 2.    As local mens activities become
  concentrated on growing more crops for export
  -pushes women into the home (division of labour)
• 3.   As men seek employment in larger markets,
  household tasks such as cleaning, gathering fuel,
  hauling water become solely performed by women in
  the household

37
Global Priorities (in US billions)
38
Modernization Theory

• Global inequality results from inadequacies in
  poor societies
• Lack of capital
• Lack of Western business techniques
• Lack of stable governments

39
Western Ideas (natural)

• Lack of Western mentality
• Western values savings,
• investment,
• innovation,
• education,
• high achievement,
• self-control in having children

40
How Semi-Peripheral Countries Differ from
Peripheral Countries

• Type of colonialism
• infrastructural support?
• Geopolitical position?
• helpful to USA
• State policy
• statist, pro-growth?
• Social structure
• land reform homogeneous?

41
Privatisation and the poor

•  
• Privatisation often results in reduced access by
  the poor to basic social services.
• Meters on Shacks!!!_at_

42
Global Slums 3rd world

• In many cities and towns in developing countries,
  
• Between 50 and 70 of the population live in
  slums and squatter settlements
• Without adequate housing or basic services.
• Many of the poor end up paying up to twenty times
  more than the rich for water.

43
Regressive taxation

• A regressive tax is a tax imposed in such a
  manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount
  subject to taxation increases.
• In simple terms, it imposes a greater burden
  (relative to resources) on the poor than on the
  rich.

44
Trade-related competition for basic necessities

• Trade-related competition for water resources
• Corruption in the privatisation process, where
  the system of checks and balances is weak.
• Capitalism is about egoism not self regulation..

45

46
Gross Domestic Product Per Person, World Regions,
1975-2005 (in 2005 US dollars)
The average annual growth rate for each region is
shown at the top of each set of columns. GDP per
person is calculated in terms of 2005 purchasing
power. Absolute decline in Sub-Saharan Africa
biggest percent increase by far in East Asia by
far highest income in OECD countries.
2.0
GDP per person (US dollars)
1.4
0.7
0.7
6.1
2.6
-0.5
Region
47
Canada as a Semi-Peripheral Country

• Type of colonialism White settler society in
  which settlers reinvested rather than sending
  wealth back to Europe.
• Geopolitical position Useful ally of global
  powers (France, Britain, USA).
• State policy Occasionally protective of Canadian
  industry (National Policy in the 1870s, Auto Pact
  in the 1960s, NEP (1980s)
• Social structure FrenchEnglish conflict has
  drawn attention away from development policy.

48
Dependency Theory

• Part of the Conflict approach
• Dependency Theory used to examine the uneven
  development of capitalism
• Dependency theory can be domestic or
  international in its focus.

49
Dependency Theory I

• For 250 years, the most powerful countries in the
  world have impoverished the least powerful
  countries as a matter of state policy.

50
Dependency Theory II

• Early industrialization allow for
• The first world to accumulate 90 of the worlds
  wealth.
• Later in industrialism has led to increasing
  dependency of uncolonized parts of the world.

51
Dependency Theory II

• Industrialized countries established powerful
  armed forces to subdue and then annex or colonize
  most of the rest of the world between the middle
  of the 18th and the middle of the 20th century.
• Main exception Japan (considered less valuable
  than China and India)

52
Dependency Theory IV

• Neo-colonialism established by creating a system
  of dependency involving three main elements
• Substantial foreign investment
• Support for authoritarian governments
• Mounting debt

53
Third World

• Countries of the Third World or Global South
  accounted for 73 of world industrial production
  in 1750.
• Only 7.5 in 1913
• In 1913, the worlds 12 richest countries
  accounted for 90 of world industrial production.

54
Core, Periphery and Semiperiphery(Immanuel
Wallerstein)

• Core major sources of capital and technology
  (USA, Japan, Germany)
• Periphery major sources of raw materials and
  cheap labour (most former colonies)
• Semiperiphery former colonies that are making
  considerable headway in their attempts to become
  prosperous (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore
  Israel more recently, China, India, Brazil)

55
How Semi-Peripheral Countries Differ from
Peripheral Countries

• Type of colonialism
• infrastructural support?
• Geopolitical position?
• helpful to USA
• State policy
• statist, pro-growth?
• Social structure
• land reform homogeneous?

56
Water Maude Barlow

• The Council of Canadians water campaign is
  calling for a national water policy.
• According to Maude Barlow the State needs to
  protect Canadas water from bulk exports and
  privatization,

57
Reason for Govt Protection

• The free market doesnt guarantee access to
  water
• Bulk exports could open the floodgates to trade
  challenges

58

• Canadas water supply is limited
• Public water is safer, cleaner and more
  affordable and
• Water is essential for people and nature.

59
Huge profits/eco imbalance

• Corporations are in a rush to obtain access to
  water, which they can sell at huge profits.
• Mass extraction of water from its natural sources
  
• Ecological imbalances
• Aquifer depletion
• Groundwater contamination

60
Scarce Resources as Commodities

• By turning a social good and scarce resource into
  an economic commodity
• The worlds economic and policy planners claim
  that existing water resources can be managed
  and consumed.?

61
The World Bank

• The World Bank and regional development banks
  often advocate for unbundling of services
• Separates the profitable and unprofitable areas
  for the delivery of water and sanitation services

62
Layoff in Public Works

• Privatisation often leads to job losses.
• Massive layoffs are common as companies try to
  minimise costs

63
Summary

• Globalization is a process linked to the issue of
  modernization (post modernism)
• Globalization is Imperialism and
  Americanizationuniversal products and commodity
  fetishism
• Neoliberal policies generate a system in favor of
  the rich and the corporation at the expense of
  the poor.

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Environmental Sociology

• Issues and Perspectives

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In the long run, do you think the scientific
advances we are making will help or harm
mankind? 1981-2000 (percent harm)
Percent
This graph shows that (1) Americans are among the
most optimistic people in the world concerning
the effects of science on humanity (2)
Americans and the citizens of other rich
countries such as Canada were more pessimistic
about the effects of science on humanity at the
end of the 20th century than they were in 1981
(3) the citizens of countries that are not rich
were more optimistic about the effects of science
on humanity at the end of the 20th century than
they were in 1981.
69
Important Terms

• Technology is traditionally defined as the
  application of scientific principles to the
  improvement of human life.

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Global Warming and Polar Ice

1. Heat-trapping gases produced mainly by human
   activity collect in the atmosphere (CO2, methane,
   etc.)
2. The sun heats the surface of the earth.
3. More heat enters the atmosphere than escapes
   because some of it is absorbed and some of it is
   reflected back by the blanket of heat-trapping
   gases.
4. Heat melts ice, revealing tundra and creating
   water.
5. Tundra releases methane, a more effective
   heat-trapping gas than CO2.
6. Water reflects less heat than ice because its
   darker than ice.

Heat-trapping gases (C02, methane,
etc.)
(1) Gases from burning fossil fuels, etc.
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(4)
Ice
Water
Tundra
72
Annual Mean Global Surface Air Temperature and
Carbon Dioxide Concentration, 1880-2007
CO2, parts per million
Mean Temperature, C?
382 352 322 292 262 232 202 172 142
x
x
Carbon dioxide concentration
x
x
x
x
x
x
Surface air temperature
1880 1943 2007
Year
73
Worldwide Insured Losses Due to Natural and Human
Catastrophes, 1970-2006 (in 2005 US billions)
US billions
74
Sea Ice in Retreat
http//www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/10/01/scie
nce/20071002_ARCTIC_GRAPHIC.html?themcth
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Important Terms

• Genetic pollution refers to the health and
  ecological dangers that may result from
  artificially splicing genes together.
• Recombinant DNA is a technique that involves The
  term normal accident recognizes that the very
  complexity of modern technologies ensures they
  will inevitably fail, though in unpredictable
  ways.
• A risk society is a society in which technology
  distributes danger and advantage among all social
  groups. Some categories are, however, more
  exposed than others.
• artificially joining bits of DNA from a donor to
  the DNA of a host.

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Environmental racism the tendency to heap
environmental dangers on the disadvantaged.
Total particulate matter, short tons per capita
Northwest Territories
Yukon
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Aboriginals as percent of population
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Trucks in China
http//www.nytimes.com/interactive/2007/12/08/worl
d/asia/choking_on_growth_7.htmlstory4
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Top Ten CO2 Emitters, 2007(percent of world
emissions/percent of world populationindex of
irresponsibility)

1. USA 21.4/4.6 4.7
2. China 18.8/20.4 0.9
3. Russia 5.8/2.2 2.6
4. Japan 4.6/2.0 2.3
5. India 4.2/17.0 0.2
6. Germany 3.0/1.3 2.3
7. Canada 2.0/0.5 4.0
8. UK 2.0/0.9 2.2
9. Italy 1.7/0.9 1.9
10. South Korea 1.7/0.8 2.1

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Climate Change Performance, 2007

• Bottom Ten Countries
• Ukraine
• Kazakhstan
• Malaysia
• Russia
• South Korea
• Luxembourg
• Canada
• Australia
• United States
• Saudi Arabia

• Top Ten Countries
• Sweden
• Germany
• Iceland
• Mexico
• India
• Hungary
• UK
• Brazil
• Switzerland
• Argentina

80
Bali 2007 opponents of binding CO2 emission cuts
of 25-40 for industrialized countries by 2020
(by rank on climate change performance, n56)
30. New Zealand 42. Japan 50. Russia 53.
Canada 55. United States 56. Saudi Arabia
81
Why the market and high technology cant solve
the problems of environmental degradation on
their own

• Price signals are imperfect.
• Political pressure is needed.
• The pace of change is too slow.

82
Renewable Resources, World, Decrease, 1990-2010
Percent decrease
fish catch
irrigable land
crop land
rangeland, pasture
forests
83
What needs to be done

• Reduced consumption of just about everything by
  people in rich countries
• Increased investment in energy-saving
  technologies and environmental cleanup
• Subsidization of environmentally friendly
  industrialization in the developing countries
• Renewed commitment to voluntary efforts, new laws
  and enforcement bodies to ensure compliance
• Higher taxes
• More careful assessment of risks associated with
  biotechnology projects, and public consultation
  before such projects go forward
• Sharing of profits from genetic engineering with
  donors of genetic material
• Immediate action

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Preconditions for action

• Awareness of the gravity of the environmental
  problem
• Belief in the capacity of people and their
  governments to solve the problem
• Willingness to make substantial economic
  sacrifices to get the job done.

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