Physical Science

1
Physical Science

• Released SOL Items

2
According to the graph, which air pollutant
decreased the most from 1970 to 1991?

1. Carbon monoxide
2. Sulfur oxides
3. Particulates
4. Lead

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3
Which of the following could best be used to
demonstrate energy being transformed from
electricity to heat?

1. A magnifying glass
2. A triple beam balance
3. A toaster
4. A gas oven

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4
Insulation materials reduce heat loss because
they

1. are poor conductors
2. block out the sun
3. reduce evaporation
4. promote convection

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5
Which process is a physical change?

1. Rusting iron
2. Burning coal
3. Tarnishing silver
4. Melting ice

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6
Water stored behind a dam is anexample of what
type of energy?

1. Kinetic
2. Potential
3. Solar
4. Chemical

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7
In the diagram, what essential part of an
electric circuit is missing at position X?

1. Load
2. On/off switch
3. Wires
4. Source of electric current

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8
Which of the following has the leasteffect on
lake water temperature?

1. The depth of the water
2. The angle of incoming sun rays
3. The number of fish in the lake
4. The lakes surface area

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9
Which of these experimental designs would best
test this hypothesis?
Hypothesis The addition of a fertilizer to soil
will increase plant growth.

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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10
Which animal has a life span closest to that of
sheep?

1. Dog
2. Cat
3. Horse
4. Cow

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11
When a base is mixed with an acidicsolution,
neutralization occurs becausethe

1. base reaches absolute zero
2. acid evaporates
3. base chemically reacts with the acid
4. mass of the solution increases

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12
Fossil fuels such as gas, oil, and coal have what
kind of energy?

1. Mechanical energy
2. Chemical energy
3. Electrical energy
4. Nuclear energy

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13
What type of energy does the windmill use to do
work?

1. Mechanical
2. Nuclear
3. Chemical
4. Electrical

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14
Which of these would be the best way to prove
that a pine stick is more flexible than an oak
stick?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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15
Because zinc can combine with othersubstances
but cannot be changed into a simpler substance by
an ordinary chemical process, zinc is classified
as

1. a compound
2. a mixture
3. an element
4. an acid

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16
Which of the following is a true statement about
the magnetic field between two magnets?

1. The south pole of one magnet is attracted to the
   south pole of the other magnet.
2. The south pole of one magnet is attracted to the
   north pole of the other magnet.
3. The north pole of one magnet is attracted to the
   north pole of the other magnet.
4. The south pole of one magnet is attracted to both
   poles of the other magnet.

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17
According to the chart, on whichplanet would a
ball fall the fastest?

1. Earth
2. Jupiter
3. Neptune
4. Saturn

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18
In the chemical formula for ammonia, NH3, what
does the subscript 3 represent?

1. The number of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms in each
   molecule of ammonia
2. The number of hydrogen atoms in each molecule of
   ammonia
3. The number of ammonia molecules that will bond
   together
4. The number of nitrogen atoms in each molecule of
   ammonia

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19
An electric light bulb is hot to thetouch
because

1. current passing through it produces heat
2. its magnetic field produces a large amount of
   heat
3. evaporation causes an object to heat up
4. its chemical reactions produce heat

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20
Which instrument would mostaccurately and
precisely determinethe mass of a toy car?

1. An electronic light meter
2. A spring scale
3. A triple-beam balance
4. A graduated cylinder

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21
The diagram below shows a block fromthe periodic
table. The number sixrepresents the

1. atomic mass of the element carbon
2. atomic number of the element carbon
3. number of neutrons in the element carbon
4. number of valence electrons in the element carbon

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22
Each student in a science class of 25 conducts
the same experiment. One student gathers all the
data from herclassmates and summarizes the
results of the experiment for the class. She
compares the data she personally recorded with
the class data. Which of these might indicate to
her that her results are valid?

1. Three other classes performed the same
   experiment.
2. The same experiment was repeated two years in a
   row.
3. Many other students recorded data similar to
   hers.
4. Another student in her class reached a different
   conclusion.

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23
Thrips are tiny insects that can easily be seen
on roses. The thrip population changes shown in
the graph below are probably caused by

1. increases in human population
2. a major climatic change
3. seasonal changes
4. increased use of insecticides

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24
A mixture of iron filings and sulfur can easily
be separated by

1. placing the mixture in water
2. performing a chemical reaction
3. heating the mixture
4. using a magnet

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25
A student designs and builds a 11000 scale model
of the Mt. Fuji volcano in Japan. Since Mt. Fuji
is about 3,800 m high, what is the height of his
scale model?

1. 0.38 m
2. 3.8 m
3. 380 m
4. 3,800 m

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26
According to the data in the table, whichsample
of matter is most likely a metal?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

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27
Expansion joints such as these are put on bridges
because the concrete expands and contracts. This
happens when

1. chemicals get on the concrete
2. the temperature changes
3. the amount of light changes
4. the concrete gets wet

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28
How far offshore is the deepest point ofthe
ocean on this graph?

1. 0 m
2. 5000 m
3. 160 km
4. 240 km

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29
A burning candle is in the process of
transforming

1. heat energy into chemical energy
2. chemical energy into light and heat
3. chemical energy into mechanical energy
4. chemical energy into nuclear energy

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30
Of the states of matter, gas is the only state
that

1. is fluid
2. has mass
3. is highly compressible
4. has a definite shape

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31
In order to turn on the light, a piece of wire
needs to be connected from

1. A to C
2. A to D
3. B to C
4. C to D

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32
Which of these minerals is a carbonate?

1. Calcite (CaCO3)
2. Galena (PbS)
3. Gypsum (CaSO4)
4. Magnetite (Fe3O4)

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33
The diagram shows a graduated cylinder containing
water. From which position will the most accurate
measure of the volume of the water be made?

1. Position 1
2. Position 2
3. Position 3
4. Position 4

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34
At what speed would a car have tomove in order
to travel 20 kilometers in two hours?

1. 5 km/hr
2. 10 km/hr
3. 20 km/hr
4. 40 km/hr

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35
Which of the following is used tomeasure the
mass of an object?

1. Balance
2. Metric ruler
3. Graduated cylinder
4. Barometer

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36
The area that shows the amplitude of the wave is

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

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37
Electric bills are calculated based on the amount
of energy consumed. Theconsumption is measured
in units of

1. newton meters
2. millijoule seconds
3. megavolt minutes
4. kilowatt hours

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38
Which system shows a transformation from chemical
to electrical and light energy?

1. A car battery causes the headlights to shine.
2. A candle burns and lights up the room.
3. A display of fireworks in the night sky.
4. An avalanche rolls down a steep mountain.

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39
Which of these is best classified as a mixture?

1. Carbon dioxide
2. Water
3. Soil
4. Iron

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40
Which of these belongs in theoutermost shell
(energy level) of anatom?

1. Electrons
2. Protons
3. Neutrons
4. Photons

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41
The location on the track where the train has the
greatest potential energy is

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

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42
Convection is the result of

1. currents caused by the motion of heated molecules
2. increases in the density of solids
3. colder portions of liquids rising
4. the lack of heat transfer

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43
If you break a piece of glass, the shape of the
glass changes, but the properties in the
fragments remain the same. Which of the following
has occurred?

1. A chemical change
2. A temperature change
3. A phase change
4. A physical change

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44
This chart represents the type and number of
items collected in a beach cleanup. Based on the
above chart, what percentage of the total items
collected from the beaches was plastic?

1. 46
2. 49
3. 56
4. 70

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45
Some snapdragon seeds were studied in the
experiment below. The seeds were placed in a dish
lined with a moist paper towel. Which of these is
the independent (manipulated) variable in this
experiment?

1. The type of seed
2. The amount of water used
3. The number of sprouts
4. The temperature of each dish

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46
A substance made up of two or more elements that
have been chemicallycombined is called

1. an atom
2. a compound
3. an element
4. a mixture

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47
A proton has which of the followingcharges?

1. Negative
2. Neutral
3. Positive
4. Magnetic

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48
Which of the following lists the elements in
order, from those having the least protons to
those having the most protons in the atoms?

1. O, N, B, Li
2. Na, S, Al, Cl
3. O, S, Se, Te
4. Rb, K, Na, Li

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49
Both light bulbs are lit in the circuit below. In
order to turn off both lights, a switch must be
installed in the circuit at the place marked

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

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50
Calcium metal (Ca) can be produced by passing an
electric current through molten calcium chloride
(CaCl2). Chlorine gas (Cl2) is also formed. What
is the balanced equation for this reaction?

1. 2CaCl ? Ca 2Cl
2. CaCl2 H2O ? Ca ClH O2
3. CaCl2 Cl ? Ca Cl3
4. CaCl2 ? Ca Cl2

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51
According to this graph, which of these is most
important in developing the biomass of these
plants?

1. Nitrates
2. Sulfates
3. Magnesium
4. Iron

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52
Which diagram best shows thereflection of light?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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53
The density of an object is dependent upon the
objects mass and

1. height
2. area
3. volume
4. weight

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54
John and Emily were experimenting with the
effects of road salt on plant growth. To do this,
they watered plants daily with the same amount of
salt water. They could best improve
theirexperiment by

1. increasing the amount of salt added to the water
   each day
2. cooling the salt water before watering the plants
3. adding food color to see how far the salt
   penetrates the plants
4. watering half the plants with pure water and half
   with salt water

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55
The picture shows dinosaur tracks found in rocks.
How many dinosaurs left their tracks here?

1. 2
2. 4
3. 14
4. 24

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56
Which of these will cause water tochange to ice?

1. Removing heat from the water
2. Stirring the water
3. Adding salt to the water
4. Putting the water in the sunlight

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57
Which of the following elements belongs to the
family indicated?

1. Nitrogen belongs to the halogen family.
2. Helium belongs to the noble gas family.
3. Calcium belongs to the alkali family.
4. Sodium belongs to the alkaline earth family.

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58
Which of these has the greatestnumber of
different simple machines?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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59
The atom is composed of electrons,protons, and
neutrons. What is theelectric charge on the
neutron?

1. -1
2. 1
3. 0
4. 2

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60
The distance between one point on acompression
and the correspondingpoint on the next
compression in asound wave is called a

1. wavelength
2. rarefaction
3. crest
4. trough

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61
What is the mass of the rock?

1. 335.6 g
2. 350.6 g
3. 354.6 g
4. 356.0 g

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62
The picture shows the results of putting a drop
of orange ink from a marking pen on a piece of
filter paper and allowing the colors in the ink
to separate. About how much farther on the filter
paper has the yellow pigmentmoved than the red
pigment?

1. 0.5 cm
2. 1.6 cm
3. 2.7 cm
4. 3.5 cm

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63
Several centuries ago, men called alchemists
tried to transform common metals into gold. Even
though they tried many different chemical and
physical methods, they never succeeded because

1. they could not heat common metals to extremely
   high temperatures
2. the common metals they worked with were not pure
3. they did not add the correct material to the
   common metal
4. elements cannot be changed to other elements by
   physical or chemical means

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64
The chart shows the results of an experiment to
test the effects of different plant lights on
plant seedling growth. Which group of plants
showed the greatest gain in height?

1. Group 1
2. Group 2
3. Group 3
4. Group 4

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65
Mercury is a liquid metal that is usedin many
thermometers. The mercury inthe thermometer
rises because it

1. is sucked upward by vacuum
2. expands when heated
3. is compressed by air pressure
4. increases in density when heated

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66
The picture represents five red blood cells seen
through a microscope. The lines represent a scale
also visible through the microscope. Each
division on the scale represents one micrometer.
Use the scale to estimate the diameter of the
average red blood cell.

1. 45 micrometers
2. 78 micrometers
3. 1011 micrometers
4. 1213 micrometers

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67
Ellen noticed that she often sneezes when she
visits her friend Robert, who has a cat and a
parrot. Ellen wonders if she may have allergies
to Roberts pets and decides to conduct a
scientific investigation. What should Ellen do
next?

1. Ellen should tell Robert that she cannot visit
   him until he gives away his pets.
2. Ellen should visit Sue who has a horse, a dog, a
   goldfish, and a hamster.
3. Ellen should call her doctor and insist that she
   needs shots for allergies.
4. Ellen should visit a friend who has only cats and
   one who has only parrots.

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68
Which of the following is shown in this diagram?

1. Alternating current
2. Short circuit
3. Series circuit
4. Parallel circuit

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69
Which of the following is a physicalproperty of
copper?

1. Ductile, can be drawn into a wire
2. Liquid at room temperature
3. Readily reacts with water to form an acid
4. Readily reacts with oxygen

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70
Which of the following is an example of kinetic
energy?

1. A baseball moving from the pitcher to the catcher
2. A rock sitting on the top of a large hill
3. A pendulum at the top of its swing
4. A new flashlight battery

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71
Many scientists believe that nuclear fusion will
become a possible energy source within the next
10 years. What resource would be most effective
in tracking the progress of this energy source?

1. The local newspaper
2. A chemical encyclopedia
3. A physics textbook
4. Scientific periodical

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72
Objects with like charges repel and unlike
charges attract. The girls hair and the comb
have

1. unlike charges
2. like charges
3. neutral charges
4. no charges

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73
Which of these is a change in chemical
composition?

1. A lake freezes solid.
2. Gravel, sand, and water are mixed.
3. A copper bar is rolled into a flat sheet.
4. Vinegar bubbles when baking soda is added.

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74
The picture shows a test for non-slip surfaces to
be used on a ramp. Which of these must be done to
provide more meaningful results?

1. Use the same shoe on each surface
2. Use boards of the same thickness
3. Use the same shoe size for each type of shoe
4. Use shoes with soles designed for sports

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75
At which point is the magnetic fieldthe
strongest?

1. Point 1
2. Point 2
3. Point 3
4. Point 4

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76
Which picture illustrates the structure of a
molecule of water?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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77
Which of these elements has an atomic number of
14?

1. N
2. Al
3. Si
4. P

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78
Tearing paper is an example of a

1. physical change
2. chemical change
3. chemical reaction
4. solution

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79
According to the graph, which angle of release
would cause the javelin to go the farthest?

1. 75
2. 60
3. 45
4. 30

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80
Which element is an alkali metal?

1. K
2. Mg
3. Al
4. Ag

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81
An experiment was set up to measure the distance
a snail would travel in 5 minutes. Which of these
rulers should be used to give the most precise
measurement?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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82
Solar cells are used to turn sunlightinto

1. inertia
2. force
3. magnetism
4. electricity

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83
A wheelbarrow full of concrete mix that needs to
be moved onto a platform could be moved either by
lifting it above the ground and setting it onto
the platform or by using an inclined plane. The
advantage of using the inclined plane is that the
work can be done

1. more quickly
2. with less friction
3. using less force
4. using more energy

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84
The density of this box is

1. 0.5 g/cm3
2. 1.0 g/cm3
3. 1.5 g/cm3
4. 2.0 g/cm3

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85
Which property is required of a liquid in order
for it to be a good fuel?

1. Its acidity
2. Its combustibility
3. Its density
4. Its boiling point

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86
Which of these elements has the greatest average
atomic mass?

1. B
2. C
3. N
4. Al

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87
In the scale model below, one centimeter is equal
to one-half of a meter. The mailbox is 2 truck
lengths away from the model truck. How far away
is the mailbox from the truck on the real street?

1. 5 meters
2. 10 meters
3. 15 meters
4. 20 meters

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88
Which of the following does not usemetric units
to measure the density of a solution?

1. 10.5 grams/milliliter
2. 1.56 pounds/fluid ounce
3. 1050 kilograms/cubic meter
4. 1.05 grams/cubic centimeter

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89
According to the scale shown below, what is the
approximate length of the baby blue whale?

1. 2 meters
2. 4 meters
3. 6 meters
4. 10 meters

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90
Gases are much more compressible than liquids.
According to the particle model of matter, gases
are more easily compressed into smaller volumes
because the particles in gases are

1. smaller
2. more active
3. farther apart
4. filled with air

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91
The picture shows how to make an electromagnet.
Which of these would make the electromagnet
strongest?

1. Using a longer wire from the battery to the nail
2. Wrapping the wire around the nail more times
3. Wrapping the wire around a nonmetallic object
4. Making the loops of wire less tightly coiled

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92
Which diagram shows the refraction oflight as it
enters water from the air?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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93
Compounds are made up of more than one element.
Which of the following represents a compound?

1. H2
2. NH3
3. O3
4. N2

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94
A student wishes to test the hypothesis that
adding antifreeze to water lowers the freezing
point of the water. What would be the dependent
(responding) variable?

1. Amount of water put into a container
2. Amount of antifreeze added to the water
3. Temperature at which the water/antifreeze mixture
   freezes
4. Type of thermometer used to measure the freezing
   point

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95
In this atomic model, point A represents

1. a proton
2. a nucleus
3. a neutron
4. an electron

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96
A direct electrical current is differentfrom an
alternating current becauseonly the direct
electrical current

1. produces a high voltage
2. flows without resistance
3. allows the flow of electrons in one direction
4. can be converted to other forms of energy

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97
A battery is placed inside a flashlight and then
the flashlight is turned on. The chemical energy
of the battery is changed into all of the
following formsof energy except

1. electrical energy
2. heat energy
3. light energy
4. mechanical energy

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98
Which of the following materials iscomposed of
only one kind of atom?

1. Water
2. Helium
3. Air
4. Sugar

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99
A solution may be prepared bydissolving crystals
of a salt in water.Which of the following would
probablynot affect the rate of solubility?

1. Reducing the air pressure on the solution
2. Grinding the crystals to make them smaller
3. Stirring the water after adding the crystals
4. Increasing the temperature of the water

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100
Which of these best shows that calciumis
different from all other elements?

1. Its positive electrical charge
2. Its presence in milk
3. Its number of protons
4. Its ability to combine with oxygen

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101
Students measured and recorded the density of 4
samples. Using the density column and the data
table shown below, which of the samples will
probably float on top of the oil?

1. Sample A
2. Sample B
3. Sample C
4. Sample D

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102
A student wishes to measure the massof an
object. Which instrument wouldbe most useful?

1. Triple beam balance
2. Graduated cylinder
3. Metric ruler
4. Erlenmeyer flask

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103
Which type of energy change is occurring in the
pictures below?

1. Mechanical energy to chemical energy
2. Potential energy to kinetic energy
3. Chemical energy to heat energy
4. Solar energy to nuclear energy

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104
The picture shows the growth curve of a bacterial
population. According to this information, the
bacterial population doubles every

1. 3 minutes
2. 20 minutes
3. 30 minutes
4. 60 minutes

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105
Which of these uses the force of gravity to make
it move?

1. A sailboat moving across a lake
2. A car making a right turn
3. A snow sled going downhill
4. A bicycle rolling to a stop

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106
A student wanted to test the hypothesis that
adding antifreeze to water lowers the freezing
point of water. The student found that pure water
froze at 0C, while the water/antifreeze mixture
froze at 20C. In order to confirm the results,
the student should repeat the experiment using

1. a container of a different size
2. a different amount of antifreeze
3. a different amount of water
4. exactly the same set-up as the first experiment

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107
This experiment was set up to test thehypothesis
that plants grow faster in green light. What is
the independent variable in this experiment?

1. Type of plant
2. Amount of water
3. Color of light
4. Size of pot

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108
Which of the following elements has16 protons?

1. Oxygen
2. Chlorine
3. Sulfur
4. Germanium

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109
A student predicts that more sugar willdissolve
in warm water than in cold water. She puts some
water in a container, adds sugar, and then stirs.
The amount of undissolved sugar is then observed.
When this student repeats the experiment to
verify her prediction, the only thing that should
change is the

1. amount of water used
2. temperature of the water
3. amount of sugar used
4. amount of time stirring

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110
Which of the following molecules does not contain
three atoms?

1. O3
2. N2
3. H2O
4. CO2

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111
A student conducted an experiment on plant growth
that required adding about one cupful of liquid
fertilizer to several plants each week. In order
to accurately measure the fertilizer givento
each plant, the fertilizer volume should be
measured in

1. cubic meters
2. milliliters
3. cubic feet
4. kiloliters

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112
Consumers of electrical energy arebilled
according to how much energy they use. The unit
most commonly used for measuring electrical
energy consumption is the

1. millivolt
2. ohmmeter
3. newton-meter
4. kilowatt-hour

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113
Which of these cannot be separated into its parts
by an ordinary chemical or physical process?

1. A mixture of salts (NaCl, KI)
2. A compound of nitrogen (NH3)
3. An atom of carbon (C)
4. An acid of chlorine (HCl)

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114
A student determined the mass andvolume of a
gold ring. What physicalproperty of the gold can
be determinedusing these two measurements?

1. Its reactivity
2. Its expansion rate
3. Its density
4. Its melting point

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115
Which of these best shows particles in a mixture?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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116
Which of the following orientations ofmagnets
would result in the greatestattraction between
the two magnets?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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117
The Earth is warmed by solar energy. How is this
energy transferred from the sun to the Earth?

1. Radiation
2. Convection
3. Conduction
4. Ultrasonic

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118
An example of kinetic energy continuously being
changed to potential energy and back again might
be

1. a girl swinging on a swing
2. a train moving down a track
3. electric charges moving in a straight path
4. a plate sitting on the edge of a table

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119
A new medication dissolves blood clots. However,
if too much is used, excessive bleeding occurs.
Which method should scientists use to determine
the best dosage of this new medication?

1. Use people of many different ages as test
   subjects
2. Have the test subjects eat a wide variety of
   foods with the medication
3. Change the times the medication is given to
   determine if timing affects bleeding
4. Vary only the dosages of the medication while
   keeping everything else constant

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120
In an experiment combining vinegarand baking
soda, gas is given off. Inthis chemical
reaction, the vinegar andbaking soda are

1. Reactants
2. Products
3. Elements
4. suspensions

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121
A wheel-and-axle is a lever that rotatesaround a
fixed point. All of the following machines employ
a wheel-and-axle except a

1. bicycle
2. skateboard
3. pencil sharpener
4. crowbar

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122
As a supplement to some diets, iron istaken in
tablet form. The mass of ironin these tablets is
often measured in

1. milliliters
2. calories
3. centimeters
4. milligrams

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123
Between points 4 and 5, energy isbeing used to
change water from a

1. solid to a liquid
2. solid to a gas
3. liquid to a gas
4. liquid to a solid

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124
Which drawing shows a circuit thatwill cause the
light to come on?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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125
A compound is a molecule made up ofatoms from at
least two elements. Which of the following gases
is a compound?

1. Ozone (O3)
2. Oxygen (O2)
3. Methane (CH4)
4. Nitrogen (N2)

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126
Which of these correctly shows how alight ray is
reflected from a mirror?

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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127
This flashlight uses three different forms of
energy. Which of these shows the energy changes
in the correct order?

1. Mechanical ? heat ? chemical
2. Heat ? chemical ? light
3. Electrical ? mechanical ? chemical
4. Chemical ? electrical ? light

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128
Because it can be transported easilyand
converted into other forms ofenergy, the energy
form mostcommonly used in households is

1. chemical
2. nuclear
3. heat
4. electrical

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