immunology innate nonspecific

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From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
Image Compound microscope objectives, T. Port
2
Immune System I Innate Immunity
Image Fetus in amniotic sac, National Institutes
of Health
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
3
It Isnt Easy Being a Pathogen
Multiple flagella allow H. pylori to penetrate
the coating of the stomach epithelium.

• What a pathogen must do
• in order to cause disease
• 1. Gain access to the body.
• 2. - Attach to, and/or enter cells of its host.
• - Receptors on pathogen must fit,
  lock-and-key, with receptor sites on host cell.
• Reproduce while avoiding hosts
• immune system system long enough to produce
  harmful changes.

H. pylori from a gastric biopsy
Images Helicobacter pylori, Yutaka Tsutsumi,
M.D Deep gastric ulcer, Samir Histopathology
of H.pylori from a gastric biopsy, KGH
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
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______ _______

• Protect the body by competing with
• potential pathogens.
• This is called __________ ____________.
• Normal microbiota protect us by
• Consuming nutrients that would otherwise be
  available to pathogens.
• Sometimes change the pH of the area they inhabit
  in ways that help them and hinder competing
  microbes.
• Presence stimulates certain parts of the second
  line of immune defense, helping the body defend
  itself from invaders.
• Normal flora of the intestines improve our
  overall health by producing several types of
  vitamins.

Image Arm plate of normal flora, T. Port
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
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___________ ___________

• First two lines of immune defense considered
  together.
• Q Why do you think that they are called innate
  immunity?
• Innate immunity is relatively nonspecific,
  meaning that these lines of defense work against
  a wide range of pathogens.

Image Fetus in amniotic sac, National Institutes
of Health
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
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First Line of Defense _____________

• Structures, chemicals, processes that work to
  prevent pathogens entering the body.
• Includes the _____ and ______ __________ of the
  respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
  systems.

Your skin
First Line of Defense
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
Images Castle, S. Jervis
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Skin _________ Components of Defense

• Two major layers
• 1. _____________
• Outer layer composed of multiple layers of
  tightly packed cells
• Few pathogens can penetrate these layers
• Shedding of dead skin cells removes attached
  microorganisms
• Epidermal dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens.
• These cells extend out among other cells of the
  epidermis, forming a network to intercept
  invaders.
• 2. _____________
• Contains protein fibers called collagen
• Give skin strength and pliability to resist
  abrasions that could introduce microorganisms

First Line of Defense
Image Skin tattoo, Source unknown Skin
diagram, Daniel de Souza Telles
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
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Skin __________ Components of Defense

• _______________ secreted by sweat glands
• Salt- inhibits growth of pathogen by drawing
  water from their cells
• Antimicrobial peptides
• Lysozyme- destroys cell wall of bacteria
• _________ secreted by sebaceous (oil) glands
• Helps keep skin pliable and less likely to break
  or tear
• Lowers pH of skin to a level inhibitory to many
  bacteria

First Line of Defense
Images Cartoon of castle being defended, Source
unknown Hair follicle, Wiki
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
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________ __________

• Line all body cavities open to the outside
  environment.
• Unlike surface epidermal cells, epithelial cells
  are living.
• Epithelial cells packed tightly to prevent entry
  of pathogens, but often only one cell layer
  thick, so pathogens sometimes breech the barrier.
• Continual shedding of cells carries attached
  microorganisms away
• Besides producing mucus, mucous membranes also
  produce lysozyme and other antimicrobial
  peptides.
• OMG U R Nasty gt Every day you swallow and digest
  about 1 liter of mucus.

First Line of Defense
Images Photo mucous membrane, Source unknown,
Drawing of mucous membrane, Grays Anatomy
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
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_______ Line of Defense - ____________

• Operates when pathogens penetrate skin or mucous
  membranes
• Cells, antimicrobial chemicals, and processes,
  but no physical barriers
• Many of these components are contained or
  originate in the blood

Second Line of Defense
Images Neutrophil bacterial phagocytosis, Uwe
Thormann Ingrown toenail inflammation, Wiki
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
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Blood

• Composed of cells and portions of cells within a
  fluid called plasma.
• Plasma is mostly water containing electrolytes,
  dissolved gases, nutrients, and protein.
• The cells and cell fragments in plasma
• are called ______ _______.

Second Line of Defense
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
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Formed Elements

• Three types of formed elements
• ___________ - red blood cell, carry oxygen
  carbon dioxide in the blood.
• __________ - involved in blood clotting (also
  called thrombocytes).
• ____________ - white blood cells involved in
  defending the body against invaders.
• 2 groups
• Granulocytes
• Agranulocytes

Second Line of Defense
Scanning electron micrograph of formed elements
RBC (left) platelet (center) leukocyte (right)
Image Formed elements, NCI-Frederick
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
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Leukocytes gt _____________

• Category of white blood cells characterized by
  presence
• of granules in their cytoplasm.
• 3 types
• ____________ - Most abundant white blood cell.
  Predominant cells in pus, accounts for its
  whitish appearance. Respond quickly following
  tissue injury. Hallmark of acute inflammation.
• ___________ - Least common granulocyte. When
  activated, release histamine and other
  inflammatory chemicals.
• ___________ - Main effecter cells in allergic
  responses asthma. Also fight helminth (worm)
  colonization.
• Neutrophils and eosinophils can phagocytize
  pathogens.

Second Line of Defense
Image Neutrophil engulfing Bacillus anthracis,
Volker Brinkmann, Photos of granulocytes, Wiki
Drawing of granulocytes, US Gov
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
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Leukocytes gt _____________

• 2 types
• ______________- most involved in specific
  immunity (3rd line of immune defense),
• ______________- leave the blood and mature into
  macrophages (phagocytic cells of the second line
  of defense).

Second Line of Defense
Image Macrophage, Wiki Lymphocyte, Nicolas
Grandjean Monocyte, Bobjgalindo
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
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Formed Elements in Blood Smear
Second Line of Defense
a. erythrocyte, b. neutrophil, c.
eosinophil, d. Q What is d?
Image Blood smear, Department of Histology,
Jagiellonian University Medical College
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
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Components of the Second Line of Defense

• Leukocytes
• - ____________
• How phagocytes ingest and
• destroy foreign matter such as
• microorganisms or debris.
• - Extracellular killing by leukocytes
• Nonspecific chemical defenses
• Inflammation
• Fever

Second Line of Defense
Phagocytosis of a movie dude.
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
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Leukocytes Phagocytosis
Second Line of Defense
Lets look at phagocytosis in action!
Image Phagocytosis in three steps Simple
diagram of phagocytosis, Graham Colm
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
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Leukocytes Extracellular Killing

• 3 Cell Types That Kill
  Extracellularly
• ________ _________ lymphocytes (NK cells)
• Secrete toxins onto surface of virally infected
  cells tumors.
• Differentiate normal body cells because they have
  membrane proteins similar to the NK cells.
• ___________
• Mainly attack parasitic worms by attaching to
  their surface.
• Secrete toxins that weaken or kill worm.
• Elevated eosinophil levels, is often indicative
  of a helminth (parasitic worm) infection.
• ___________
• Can create the active ingredient in bleach to
  kill nearby microbes.
• Fibers called neutrophil extracellular traps
  (NETs) can ensnare and kill bacteria and fungi.
  Secrete antimicrobial proteins.

Second Line of Defense
Image Natural killer cell (yellow) attacking a
cancer cell (red),Dr. Rupert Handgretinger,
University Hospital of Tübingen Mouse lung cell
NETS engulfing fungus PLoS.
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
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Components of the Second Line of Defense

• Leukocytes
• Phagocytosis
• Extracellular killing by leukocytes
• _________ _________ ______
• - Lysozyme, Defensins Cytokines (including
  
• interferons and interleukins).
• - Augment phagocytosis
• Some attack pathogens directly
• Some enhance features of
• nonspecific resistance
• Inflammation
• Fever

Second Line of Defense
Images Interferon molecule, Nevit Dilman,
Cytokine network, KUGI, Mouse Clone Database
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
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Components of the Second Line of Defense

• Leukocytes
• Phagocytosis
• Extracellular killing by leukocytes
• Nonspecific Chemical Defenses
• - Ex. Lysozyme, Defensins Cytokines
• Inflammation
• Nonspecific response to tissue damage.
• Damages cells release histamines,
• which increase vasodilation.
• - Heat, swelling pain.
• Fever

Second Line of Defense
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
Images Inflamed ingrown toenail, Menetekel
21
Components of the Second Line of Defense

• Leukocytes
• Phagocytosis
• Extracellular killing by leukocytes
• Nonspecific Chemical Defenses
• - Ex. Lysozyme, Defensins Cytokines
• Inflammation
• Nonspecific response to tissue damage.
• Damages cells release histamines,
• which increase vasodilation.
• - Heat, swelling pain
• Fever

• Body temp
• above normal range
• of 36.537.5 C (98100 F).
• Results when chemicals called ________trigger the
  hypothalamus to increase bodys core temperature.
• Various types of pyrogens
• Bacterial toxins
• Cytoplasm of bacteria released by lysis
• Antibody-antigen complexes
• Interleukin-I (IL-1 a cytokine)
• Benefits
• Speed of immune system reaction increased
• Inhibits growth of some temp sensitive
  microorganisms

Second Line of Defense
Images The sick girl, Michael Ancher
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
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Fever Triggered by Gram- Bacteria

• When infected with a Gram- bacteria
• 2. 2nd line of defense responds with phagocytes.
• 3. Macrophages engulf invader in a vesicle
  called a phagosome.
• The phagosome fuses with a lysosome. Q What
  happens to the bacteria when the phagosome and
  lysosome fuse?
• When the macrophage is exposed to Lipid-A (part
  of the LPS membrane that is a pyrogen) the
  macrophage secretes interleukin (a type of
  cytokine that is a pyrogen).
• Interleukin is picked up by the blood and
  transported to the brain.
• In the brain, interleukin stimulates the
  hypothalamus to secrete prostaglandin.
• 7. Prostaglandin attaches to receptors in the
  hypothalamus and cause it to reset the thermostat
  ? fever.
• 8. Ibuprophin and Acetominaphen are
  antiprastoglandins (They temporarily remove the
  prostoglandin, interrupting the fever-generating
  process).

Macrophage Phagocytizing G- Bacteria
LPS
Interleukin
Prostaglandin
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
ScienceProfOnline.com
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• Confused?
• Here are links to fun resources that further
  explain cellular respiration
• Innate Immunity Main Page on the Virtual Cell
  Biology Classroom of Science Prof Online.
• Phagocytosis animation and quiz by McGraw-Hill.
• Immune System Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
  game.
• Fever, song by Peggy Lee.
• Immune System Defender, online game from the
  Nobel Prize website. Use your force of white
  blood cells to destroy invading bacteria, before
  they overpopulate and cause disease.
• Osmosis Jones movie trailer. If you havent
  seen this movie yet, you must watch it
  immediately! Its awesome!
• Immune System Game, a collection of online fun
  and educational games about immunology.

Smart Links
(You must be in PPT slideshow view to click on
links.)
From the Virtual Microbiology Classroom on
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Images White blood cell, Giant Microbes
Prokaryotic cell, Mariana Ruiz