Carbohydrates (Sugars)

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Carbohydrates(Sugars)

• Organic compounds with a 21 ratio between the
  Hydrogen and Oxygen. (CH2O)
• Monosaccharides (simple sugars) C6H12O6 glucose,
  deoxyribose, and ribose sugar
• Disaccharides (double sugars) C12H22O11 sucrose
  and lactose
• Polysaccharides (complex sugars) (C6H10O5)n
  starch, chitin, cellulose ,and glycogen
• Polymers of 100-1000s of monosaccharides linked
  by dehydration synthesis
• Contain aldehyde or ketone functional groups

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Carbohydrate Functions

• Quick energy foods. 1 gram contains 4 Calories
  of energy.(glucose, sucrose, and fructose)
• Storage (starch, glycogen, and pectin)
• Structure (cellulose and chitin)

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More on carbs

• Monosaccharides are the main fuel for cellular
  work (polysaccharides are broken down by
  hydrolysis)
• Polysaccharides are necessary for storage (starch
  plants) (glycogen animals) and structural
  (cellulose plants) (chitin - animals)

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Protein

• Proteins are organic compounds made up of smaller
  units called amino acids (20).
• Each amino acid contains an NH2 or amino group
  and a COOH or carboxyl group, H, and side chain
  (R group).
• Linked by peptide bonds
• Shape of the protein determines its function.
• 7 classes structural, contractile, storage,
  defense, transport, signal, enzymes

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Protein Functions

• Movement Makes up muscle tissue (actin and
  myosin).
• Transport Carries oxygen in organisms
  (hemoglobin).
• Immunity Helps fight off foreign invaders
• (antibodies).
• Enzymes Speed up chemical reactions (amylase and
  trypsin).
• Energy source (1 gram 4 kcal of energy).
• Display great structural diversity.

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Lipids

• A group of hydrophobic compounds that contain
  very little oxygen.
• Examples Fats, Steroids, Cholesterol
  (triglycerides), phospholipids and Wax.
• They are found surrounding internal organs, in
  each cell membrane, and clogging arteries and
  veins.
• Not made from monomers!

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Main Types of Fats

• Saturated No double bonds between the carbons
• Solid at room temperature
• Found mostly in animals.

• Unsaturated Double bonds between some of the
  carbons
• Liquid at room temperature
• Found mostly in plants

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Lipid Structure

• Made from 2 smaller molecules
• Glycerol alcohol with 3 hydroxyls
• Fatty Acids hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl
  group

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Lipid Functions

• High Energy food. 1 gram contains 9 Kcal of
  energy. Energy storage
• Protects vital organs
• Insulates the body
• Stores food for later use
• Cell Membrane components
• Used as coatings
• Cholesterol and sex hormones

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Nucleic Acids

• These are chemical compounds made up of smaller
  units called nucleotides.
• Examples are DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
  (Ribonucleic acid).

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Nucleic Acid Comparison

• DNA
• Double Helix (twisted ladder)
• Contains the bases A, T, C, G
• Contains the code for the bodies proteins
• Sugar - deoxyribose

• RNA
• Single strand
• Contains the bases A, U, C, G
• Carries the code for a protein, and transfers
  amino acids to the ribosomes.
• Sugar - ribose

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How Organic Compounds are Formed and Destroyed

• Dehydration Synthesis
• Hydrolysis

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Dehydration Synthesis

• The combination of two monomers (building blocks)
  using enzymes and losing water.

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Hydrolysis

• The process of breaking down a polymer (large
  organic molecule) into its sub units using
  enzymes and adding water.