AB Co Products Asia is a division of AB Agri Ltd, the Agriculture Group of Associated British Foods plc

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• AB Co Products Asia is a division of AB Agri Ltd,
  the Agriculture Group of Associated British
  Foods plc

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SBP and the healthy rumen????????

• ????
• ??????

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Schematic Diagram of the stomachs ??????
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Rumen??

• Capacity??
• 150 litres150???
• Structure??
• Muscular wall???
• Carpet of papillae (finger like projections to
  increase surface area)???????(??????,???????)

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Key Rumen Points??????

• Huge vat of microbial activity??????????
• Able to breakdown fibre??????
• pH important to maintain optimal activity
  pH????????????
• Requirement for structural fibre (salivation,
  rumen wall contraction)???????(????????????)
• Adapted to absorb volatile fatty acids????????

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Rumen Microbes?????

• Bacteria??
• Protozoa??
• Fungi and yeast?????
• Anaerobic???
• Facultative (can tolerate low levels of
  oxygen)???(??????)
• ??? (intolerable of oxygen yeast!)(??????-??)
• Dynamic population?????

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Rumen Microbes?????
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Rumen Bacteria??
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Energy Yielding Nutrients????
Small Intestine ??
Rumen
Soft Fat
Unprotected Fat
Hard Fat
Fat
Protected Fat
Indigestible Fibre
Food Energy ????
Fibre
Digestible Fibre
Carbohydrates
Acetate
Absorbed
Sugars
Butyrate
Starch
Propionate
Blood stream??
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Carbohydrate Fermentation???????

• Yields VFAs (acetate, butyrate, propionate)
• ????????(????????)
• Slowly degradable (fibre) ? Acetate
• ????(??)
• Quickly degradable (S S) ? Propionate
• Acidosis risk from lactic acid
• ????( S S )??-?????????
• VFAs absorbed across rumen wall
• ?????????????
• Carbon dioxide and methane???????

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SARA what is it????????????

• Too much acid????
• Too much lactic acid????
• Poor rumen efficiency??????
• Waste of feed????
• Lower yields????
• Lower milk quality??????
• Lameness??

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The Rumen Bugs?????

• Optimum rumen pH is 6.5 ????PH?6.5
• pH 5.8 6.1 short time after feeding
• ???????PH??5.8-6.1
• pH 5.2 5.8 long periods SARA????PH???5.2-5.8
  -????????
• Not always obvious???????
• pH under 5.2 acute acidosisPH????5.2c??,?????
• Obvious!????

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Where is acid from???????

• Optimum rumen pH is 6.5 ????PH??6.5
• Carbohydrates fermented by rumen
  bugs??????????????
• Fermentation creates acids (VFAs)?????(??????)
• Sugars are broken down most quickly,??????
• Then starch?????
• Then fibre?????

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• Danger Point
• High NDF (fibre) ration
• High starch ration

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The Rumen??

• Optimum pH is 6.5 ??PH?6.5
• Fibre??
• Cellulose hemicellulose -gt acetic
  acid????????-gt??
• Starch -gt propionic acid??-gt??
• Excessive propionic -gt lactic acid????-gt??
• Very strong acid???

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Sub acute ruminal acidosis (SARA)????????

• Rumen pH 5.2 to 5.6??PH?5.2-5.6
• Damage to rumen wall?????

Damaged
Healthy
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SARA results in laminitis lame
cows????????????????

• Laminitis-related hoof problems (sole ulcer,
  white line abscess, and solar hemorrhage)???-????
  ?(????,????,????)
• Damage to the ruminal epithelium????????
• Absorption of histamine and endotoxins????????
• Disrupt normal circulation and
• cause disease within the hoof???????,??????

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Have your cows got SARA??????????????????

• Body condition poor????
• Cudding activity less than 50 ???-??50
• Dung thin, bubbles??-?,???
• Milk solids low milk fat and protein???-???????
  ?
• Lameness??
• Damage to rumen wall?????
• Liver and lung abscesses??/????

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Forage Concentrate ratio???

• Early lactation????
• 40 forage 60 concentrate????4060
• Late lactation????
• 60 forage 40 concentrate????6040

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????????Main Forages

• ???? Dry Corn Stalk
• ?? Bean Stalk
• ??? Peanut Vine
• ?? Wheat Stalk
• ?? No-cob Corn Silage (Very Mature)
• ?? Sheep grass

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??????Corn Stalk
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????? - ??????
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?????Soya Bean Stalk
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????No-cob Mature Corn Silage
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Structural or Effective fibre???????????
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Effective fibre????

• Effective NDF (eNDF) ??NDF (eNDF)
• Long fibre particles (effective fibre), mostly
  from forage) are vital to - ???(????),?????-
• Stimulate chewing - secretion of salivary
  buffers????-????
• Formation of a rumen mat that entraps small
  particles?????,?????
• Providing a consistent source of fuel to the
  microbes in the rumen?????????????

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Poor Forage Quality??????

• Mature plants corn stalks????-????
• Low digestible fibre??????
• Low energy???
• High rumen fill??????
• Difficult to give the cow enough
  energy????????????
• Early lactation????
• Temptation to feed high maize levels????????

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How much Starch Sugar???????

• Between 2 to 3 starch 1 sugar???31
• 5 8 sugars?
• 15 24 starch??
• 25 32 starch sugar????

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??? / ?? 45 ? 30 ? 15 ? ?? ??
ME MJ/kg 12.2 11.5 10.5 10 11
?? ? 25 20 10 2.5 5
Min NDF 33 35 35 45 40
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Cattle at risk of SARA??????????????

• Transition animals (before after
  calving)????(????)
• Incomplete development of rumen
  papillae?????????
• Non TMR fed?TMR??
• Less saliva per unit of feed?????????
• Sorting leaving some of the forage ??,?????
• High intake animals??????
• High degree of variability in ration and meal
  patterns?????
• Poorly balanced diets???????

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Dry diets can be easily be separated by
cows??????????????
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TMR????????Corn Stalk in TMR Residual
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???????Residue of Bean Stalk Ration
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Poor environments increase risk of SARA
?????????????????

• Heat stress???
• Overcrowding?????
• Uncomfortable stalls?????
• Why?????
• Competition /aggressive behaviour????/?????
• Alter feed intake patterns??????
• Animal behaviour????

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Strategies for reducing SARA?????????????

• Increase diet digestible fibre content
  ???????????
• Add Sugar Beet Pulp?????/???
• non-forage fibre sources??????
• fibre in SBF less filling than forage
  NDF?????????????NDF?
• Smaller particle size???
• digested more quickly???????
• high in DIGESTIBLE fibre????????

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Comparing NDF levels and digestibilityNDF????????
?
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Starch levels can be reduced????????
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Better forage quality?????

• Cut younger green???-??
• Higher in digestible fibre
• ??????
• Palatable????
• Consistent throughout the clamp????
• Chop length
• ????
• KNOW THE ANALYSIS??????

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Increasing physically effective fibre increases
time being a cow!??????,?????????
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Keep things balanced 1. the diet????-1.??

• Balance digestible fibre and starch ??????????
• Chop the forage 3 8 cm??????3-8cm
• No wider than the cows mouth!??????????
• Max 4 Kgs concentrate per feed??4????
• Good mix????
• Push up the feed to the barrier often??????
• Add molasses to reduce sorting????????

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Forage as wide as her mouth!?????????
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Keep things balanced 2. the environment????-2.?
?

• Feeding as often as possible ad
  libitum???????-???
• Keep the feed fresh??????
• Allow more space for cows to feed???????????
• Less competition for feed????
• Less aggressive behaviour???????
• Avoid summer heat stress?????
• Comfortable place to lie?????

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Enough room to feed???????
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Pectin reduces risk of SARA????????????

• Pectin has low concentrations in most feeds (lt 2
  to 3) ??????????(lt2-3)
• Some feeds contain higher concentrations such as
  sugar beet pulp (15 to 20)?????????????(15-20
  )
• Pectin??
• Highly fermentable?????
• High whole tract digestibility ?????
• Moderates rumen fermentation, unlike fermentation
  of starch, as rate of pectin fermentation slows
  as rumen pH decreases.???????????????????????PH??
  ??????????

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Measures of good rumen activity?????????

• Cudding frequency and rate???????
• Post feeding gt60 should be cudding with
  vigour???gt60?????,????
• Dung colour and texture???????
• Dark khaki, firm not stiff, no foaming devoid of
  measurable amounts of fibre and
  grain????,?????,????????????????
• Sieving under cold water should leave very fine
  fibre/hairy skeletons?????????????????/??
• Bloom????
• Degree of sheen on the coat????
• Posture and activity?????
• Head up and alert???,????

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Benefits of SBP on rumen fermentation???????????
Source University of Reading, UK
Source CEDAR
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Replacing Grass Silage with SBP????????????????
Feed DM Inclusion ?????????? 100 silage 100?? 5050 SilagePulp ????11
Grass Silage DM ?????????? 60 30
Pressed Pulp DM ??????????? 0 30
Wheat?? DM 20 20
Soya ext. ?? DM 10 10
Rape ext. ?? DM 8 8
Minerals ??? DM 2 2
Total DMI Kg / day???????? 20.5 23.2
Milk Yield L??? 30.0 31.4
Milk fat ??? 4.32 4.62
Protein ???? 3.24 3.40
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Higher intake in cows fed 31 corn grass
silage, when SBP replaces wheat
??????????,?????(?????? 31)
AB Agri, University of Reading
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SBF stimulates development of calf rumen wall
??????????????

• Replacing grain with SBF and other digestible
  fibre sources stimulates the physiological and
  metabolic development of the rumen
  wall???????????????????????????????????????
• Increasing in dry matter intake
• ????????
• Allows smooth transition to non milk diets
• ????????????
• Repeatedly demonstrated on Chinese farms
• ?????????

Rowett Research Institute, UK
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SBP Products???

• Raise rumen pH that is low due to
• Feeding high acid forages especially lactic
  acid
• ?????????????
• Feeding high starch diets??????
• Using high feed rates per feed and/or per day
• Poor structural value leading to low cudding
  rates and saliva (natural buffer) production
• ??????????????????(?????)
• Can be used as part of a strategy to reduce the
  risk of Sub Acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) (acid
  stomach)
• ??????????????????????
• Contribute to minimising the risk of diet related
  laminitis (swelling of the hoof
• ????????????

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SBP Products summary ???????

• Recommended feeding rate
• ??????
• 2 - 4 Kgs per cow per day ?????2-4??
• Up to 20 of concentrate diet ???20
• Safe to feed more ??????

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SBF Products summary ???????

• ?????????? High digestible fibre source
• ????????,?????? Key element of a program to
  maintain rumen health
• ?????????,???????????????????
• Rich source of digestible fibre to promote milk
  yield and fat for cow and sheep
• ?????????? Contributes to reducing lameness
• ????????,???????? Can fed to swine, especially
  pregnant sows
• ?????????????,????????.?????????????????? Pressed
  pulp provides valuable rumen structure to open
  the ration and provide a cost effective
  alternative to forage
• ????????,????????????????????
• Vital ingredient in optimising rumen development
  in young stock

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