Ch. 28

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UNIT IX

• Ch. 28 29

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The Age of Anxiety

• Uncertainty in Modern Thought
• Modern Philosophy
• Nietzche before WWI said the optimistic
  Christian order was obsolete
• WWI accelerated change in modern philosophical
  thought
• Existentialists
• Believed there was no universal meaning to life
• Generally atheists
• Height during and after WWII

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• Revival of Christianity
• Loss of faith in human reason turned many back to
  Christianity (contrast to existentialists)
• New Physics
• Albert Einsteins Theory of Relativity, 1905
• German-born
• Challenged Newtons ideas of gravity
• Freudian Psychology (Sigmund Freud)
• Believed much of human behavior is irrational
  (called it the unconscious)
• Conscious mind is unaware of what the unconscious
  mind wants
• Weakened faith in reason
• The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900

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• 20th century literature
• Came out of the disillusionment of WWI
• Expression of anxiety
• Examples Yates, Virginia Woolf, F. Scott
  Fitzgerald, T.S. Elliot, Franz Kafka
• Modern Art
• Cubism (1907) transformed natural shapes into
  geometrical ones
• Dada movement (1916-1924) works meant to be
  absurd, nonsensical and meaningless
• hobbyhorse
• Surrealism (1924) sought to link the world of
  dreams with real life (beyond or above reality)
• Inspired by Freud

Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937
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• Music
• Moved away from traditional styles
• Example jazz
• Came out of the U.S.
• Captured the new freedom of the age
• New dances were soon to follow (i.e. The
  Charleston)
• Shocked society before being embraced
• Movies and Radio
• Replaced traditional arts for entertainment
  purposes
• Radios were a powerful tool for political
  propaganda
• Spread information quickly and effectively

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Society becomes more open

• Women
• Broke with traditions
• Wore loose fitting clothing rather than the
  restrictive clothing and hairstyles of pre-WWI
  era (i.e. flappers)
• Wore make-up, bobbed their hair, drove cars,
  smoked, drank, etc.
• Women suffrage
• Women gained the right to vote in many countries
• U.S., Britain, Germany, Sweden, Austria

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The Great Depression1929-1939

• After WWI
• every major European nation was nearly bankrupted
• U.S. and Japan came out of WWI in better
  financial shape (not wartime battlefields)
• Sudden rise in new democracies
• Europes last absolute rulers had been replaced
  by constitutional democracies
• i.e. Hapsburgs in Austria-Hungary, Hohenzollerns
  in Germany, Ottomans in Turkey

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The Weimer RepublicGermany, 1919

• Weak government
• Lacked a strong democratic tradition
• Several political parties trying to gain power
• Economic instability
• Did not tax enough
• To pay for the war effort, and eventually their
  reparations, they simply printed more paper money
• Led to outrages inflation (and deflation of the
  value of a mark)
• Helped by the Dawes Plan (1924) which slowed
  inflation and moved Germany on the path to
  economic recovery
• Blamed for the German loss in WWI
• Weimer Republic had signed the Treaty of
  Versailles

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• The Stock Market Crash (1929)
• European economies were being held together by
  the stability of the U.S. economy
• U.S. econ was flawed
• 1) uneven distribution of wealth
• 2) overproduction by business and agriculture
• 3) lessening demands for consumer goods
• When the stock market crashed, the U.S. started
  to recall private loans from Europe
• Led to a global depression

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Responses to the Great Depression

• The New Deal (U.S.)
• 1933, under F. D. Roosevelt
• Hit both the industrial and agricultural spheres
  with reforms
• Scandinavian Response
• Increased social welfare benefits and used govt
  deficit spending to finance public works projects
• Very successful
• Recovery and Reform in Britain and France
• British manufacturing reorientation from
  international to national
• France political disunity hurt their efforts
  only attempt was Leon Blums Popular Front govt?
  a coalition of communist and moderate parties

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Totalitarianism What is it?

• Government takes control over EVERY aspect of
  public and private life
• Challenges Western (France, Britain, U.S.) values
• Freedom, reason, individual worth, etc.

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Characteristics

• Dictatorship and one-political party rule
• Dynamic leader
• Unified ideology
• State control over all sectors of society
• State control over the individual
• Dependence on modern technology
• Organized violence

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JOSEPH STALINTHE MAN OF STEEL

• 1922-1927 climbed to power taking various offices
  in the Russian Communist Party
• 1928 Stalin takes over complete control of the
  party
• Sends Leon Trotsky, founder and commander of the
  Red Army and leader of the Left Opposition, into
  exile in 1929 during the Great Purge
• His vision to transform the Soviet Union
  (created in 1922) into a totalitarian state
• socialism in one country

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Stalins Economics

• Command economy govt makes all the economic
  decisions
• Collective farms farms owned by the govt,
  people were forced to work toward a quota
  (numerical goal)
• Controls lives of the workers
• Work hours conditions
• Police arrest or execute those that dont follow
  the rules
• Kulaks a class of wealthy peasants who resisted
• many were executed or sent to work in camps
• Five Year Plan 1928- set quotas for output of
  steel, coal, oil and electricity limited
  production of consumer goods
• Leads to shortages
• Also led to impressive economic gains for Russia

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Weapons of Totalitarianism

• Police used tanks and armored cars to stop riots
• Monitored phone lines, read mail, and planted
  informers (spies) in society
• Great Purge 1934-Stalin turned against members
  of the Communist Party

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Indoctrination and Propaganda

• Stressed the importance of sacrifice and hard
  work to build the Communist state
• Propaganda biased or incomplete information to
  sway people to accept certain beliefs or actions
• Social realism an artistic style that praised
  Soviet life and Communist values

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Fascism What is it?

• Definition militant political government which
  emphasizes loyalty to the state and the leader
• Characteristics
• Extreme nationalism
• Revival of the economy
• Authoritarian leader
• One political party
• Did not want a classless society

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Italy Benito Mussolini

• Newspaper editor and politician
• Founded the Fascist Party in 1919
• Criticized Italys govt
• Led a campaign of terror against communists and
  socialists
• Gained support from the middle class,
  aristocracy, and industrial leaders

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Mussolinis Policy

• Abolished democracy
• Outlawed all political parties except the
  Fascists
• Censored communication
• Controlled the economy by working with
  industrialists and large landowners
• despite his attempts, Mussolini never had total
  control in Italy

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Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany

• Background
• Born in Austria in 1889
• Fought in WWI
• After WWI he settled in Munich, Germany
• Failed as an artist
• Found his calling in the new Nazi political party

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Rise of the Nazis

• Nazi National Socialist German Workers Party
• Right winged (conservative) group
• Believed that Germany needed to overturn the
  Treaty of Versailles
• wanted to rebuild their army/navy
• Did not agree with the clause that placed the
  blame for WWI on Germany

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• Supported by the middle and lower classes
• Set up a private army called stormtroopers
• Wore brown shirts and adopted the swastika as
  their symbol

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Hitler Der Fuhrer

• the leader
• Successful in the party as an organizer and
  charismatic speaker
• Attracted many members to the party

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Munich Putsch 1923

• Nazis plotted to seize ultimate power in Germany
• Failed ? Hitler arrested
• Sentenced to 5 years in jail
• Wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
• Blamed communists and Jews for Germanys problems
• Declared blond and blue-eyed Germans as the
  master race
• Aka Aryans

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Hitler becomes Chancellor

• By 1932 Nazis were the largest political party in
  Germany
• Jan. 1933 Hitler elected
• Acted quickly to strengthen his position
• Called for new elections, but the Reichtag
  (German govt building) caught fire before the
  elections could be held
• Blamed Communists for the fire
• Helped Nazis win a majority in the govt
• Hitler begins to set up a dictatorial rule in
  Germany

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The Second World War

• Aggression and appeasement (1933-1939)
• Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of
  Nations (Oct. 1933)
• Appeasement the making of concessions to an
  aggressor in order to avoid war
• British policy that prevented the formation of a
  united front against Hitler
• Isolationism belief that political ties with
  other countries should be avoided
• U.S. policy beginning in 1935 and lasting until
  1941

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Hitlers Third Reich

• Empire Building
• 1936 Mussolini and Hitler form an alliance
• 1938 Hitler takes Austria and the Sudetenland
  with British approval
• Appeasement at its finest!
• 1939 takes all of Czechoslovakia and then
  demands territory from Poland
• France and Britain give an ultimatum
• If Hitler invades Poland, they will declare war
  against him

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Blitzkrieg

• Hitlers forces overran Poland with his
  lightening war
• Conquered Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, and
  France by the summer of 1940
• France captured by Germany in June 1940 took
  control of the northern part and left the
  southern part to a puppet government
  headquartered in the city of Vichy (VEESHee)
• Battle of Britain (fall 1940 to May 1941)
• Germans met strong British resistance
• British Royal Air Force (RAF)
• German air force Luftwaffe (LOOFTvahfuh)
• British victory shifted Hitlers focus to the
  Eastern Front and the Mediterranean

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Hitler vs. Stalin

• 1941 Hitler conquered Greece and Yugoslavia
• Winter 1941-1942
• Soviets stopped German advance just outside
  Moscow
• Called Operation Barbarossa
• Soviets had 5 million men in their army
• Yet, poorly equipped
• As the Russians retreated they used the scorched
  earth policy they had used to defeat Napoleon
• That along with a harsh Russian winter kept
  Hitler out of the capital and took 500,000 German
  lives

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Japan in WWII

• December 1941? attack on Pearl Harbor
• Brought the U.S. into WWII
• Isoroku Yamamoto
• Leader of the Japanese fleet
• Quickly conquered Hong Kong (previously held by
  the British), Singapore, the Dutch East Indies,
  Burma
• 1 million square miles of land, 150 million
  people
• Came as conquerors
• Bataan Death March

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The Grand Alliance(The Allies)

• Britain, the U.S., and the U.S.S.R.
• Focused on defeating Germany, then face Japan
• Unified them economically
• Tide of Battle
• Turned in Soviet, North Africa, and the Pacific
• Battle of Midway huge success for the U.S.
  against Japan
• By spring 1943, North Africa freed from the Axis
  Powers

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End of WWIIMay 1945

• In spite of huge increases in German production
  between 1942-1944, the Allies conquered much of
  Italy, invaded France, and finally defeated
  Hitler.
• Hitler committed suicide April 1945
• FDR dies in April 1945
• Japan surrendered in Sept of 1945
• V-J Day
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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End of WWII

• May 8, 1945V-E Day
• 60 million casualties
• Europe left in ruins
• Nuremberg Trials
• 22 Nazi leaders charged with committing crimes
  against humanity (the Holocaust)
• Hitler, SS chief Heinrich Himmler, and Minister
  of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels escaped trial by
  committing suicide
• 12 sentenced to death
• 11 executed on Oct. 16, 1946

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• Japan
• 2 million lives lost
• Allies had stripped Japan of its colonial empire
• Emperor Hirohito urged the Japanese to work
  together to rebuild Japan
• U.S. occupies Japan
• Under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur
• Democratization
• MacArthur and his advisors drew up a new
  constitution
• Went into effect on May 3, 1947
• Emperors power significantly diminished
• Established a 2-house parliament (the Diet)
• All over the age of 20 could vote
• Article 9 Japan could no longer declare war
• Demilitarization
• Disbanding the Japanese armed forces
• Sept. 1951, U.S. and 48 other nations sign a
  peace treaty with Japanofficially ending WWII