Struggling toward Saratoga Chapter 4, Section 3

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Strugglingtoward SaratogaChapter 4, Section 3
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TIMELINE

• August, 1776 Battle of Long Island
• September, 1776 British capture New York
• December 26, 1776 Battle of Trenton
• October 17, 1777 Battle of Saratoga
• Winter 1777-78 Continental Army camps at Valley
  Forge

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WAR STRATEGIES

• What are the strategies for winning the war on
  each side?
• British?
• Use British Navy to control major ports supply
  routes (rivers, bays, etc.)
• Use Navy to rapidly move troops, supplies between
  North South
• Draw colonials into large-scale battles
• Use superior experience training to defeat
  colonials
• USE MILITARY TO SPLIT, DIVIDE ISOLATE NORTHERN
  SOUTHERN COLONIES

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• Americans?
• Use knowledge of terrain / environment to control
  countryside
• Use support / sympathy of population for
  information, supply, etc.
• Use variety of tactics (guerrilla war,
  small-scale battles, etc.) to buy time to
• Build a Continental Army that has been
  adequately
• -Supplied
• -Trained
• -Experienced
• -Expanded in size (they need soldiers)
• Use Colonial militias to fight when it is
  advantageous to do so

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THE MATCHUP

• How does either side match-up against the other?
• Americans?
• Strengths?
• Familiarity w/terrain
• REASONABLY Good Leadership from officers
• Cause Independence
• Weaknesses?
• Lack of experience training
• NO REAL NAVY - Lack of naval support
• Shortage of supplies / equipment
• No real govt. to rely on for , support

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THE MATCHUP

• The British?
• Strengths?
• Strong, professional military (Army Navy)
• Strong, powerful govt. for support
• Loyalist support
• Native American support (ex. Mohawk Nation)
• Weaknesses?
• Distance from Britain to America (time distance
  for troops supplies)
• Lack of knowledge of terrain
• Inconsistent military leadership

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Who had the advantage??

• GREAT BRITAIN
• Pop. of 7.5 million
• Prof. Army of 50,000
• Hessian mercenaries
• Royal treasury
• Royal navy
• Divided parliament
• Long lines of supply
• Poor generalship
• More cannon, arms, powder
• Many Colonials remain loyal
• Emancipated slaves join GB

• COLONIALS
• Pop. Of 2.5 million
• Small, untrained militia
• No centralized govt.
• No treasury
• No navy
• Angry France, Irish problem for GB
• Defending homes
• Washington, Franklin
• Few armories, little powder

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Battle of New York

• Fort Ticonderoga
• British Army moves to the middle states
• Why?
• 32,000 soldiers mercenaries sail into the New
  York Harbor
• Gen. Howe wanted humiliation and surrender
• Could offer amnesty
• Continental Army had 23,000 men
• LOST and had to retreat August 27th, 1776

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http//www.americanrevolution.com/AmRevMap3.jpg
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The contribution and sacrifice of the Maryland
Line at the Battle of Long Island during the
American Revolution

• On August 27, 1776, some four hundred Maryland
  troops led a rear-guard action to check the
  British advance and protect the retreat of
  Washington's greatly outnumbered army. The
  Marylanders launched six counter attacks at the
  Cortelyou House. During the last attack,
  Cornwallis' troops were reinforced and the
  Marylanders were swept back to the Gowanus Canal.
  After the battle, 256 Marylanders were buried in
  a mass grave that is located a few blocks from
  the park.
• It is for this heroic action that Maryland
  became known as the Old Line State.
• Good God, what brave fellows I must this day
  lose.
• George Washington.
• http//www.sos.state.md.us/MMMC/vt3-md400.html
• ONLY 9 men, including the leader of the MD
  forces, Mordecai Gist, survived.

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Primary Documents of the Battle of Long Island

• Letters of Sergeant Sands
• Toll of the Battle

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• .By late fall Washington has been pushed across
  the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.
• He had ONLY 8,000 troops left!
• HE STARTED WITH 23,000!

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The American Crisis

• Thomas Paine
• Appealed to soldiers patriotism, asked them to
  keep fighting.
• These are the times that try mens souls. The
  summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in
  crisis, shrink from the service of their country
  but he that stands it now, deserves the love and
  thanks of man and women.

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Trenton and Princeton
The tide is turning for the Patriots!

• The Continental army needed a win ASAP!!
• Why??
• Trenton Christmas 1776 - -Washington makes a
  strike
• Travels across the Delaware in rowboats! ????
• Captures over 1,000 Hessians!
• No American KIA
• 6 days later he wins at Princeton
• How??
• Another sneak attack

Looking back on it, what mistake did Howe make
after Washington fled NY??
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Trenton and Princeton

• Washington begins to win
• Uses ruses and surprise attacks/Guerilla tactics
• Trenton captures 1000 Hessians on Dec. 26,1776
• Princeton Defeat British forces near Princeton
• THIS IS THE TURNING OF THE TIDE FOR THE PATRIOTS
• NOTE NJ campaign is to protect Philadelphia,
  site of the Continental Congress.
• Howe makes strategic blunder of not destroying
  Washingtons forces after NY and dividing his
  forces to capture RI.

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Battle of Trenton, Christmas 1776
http//www.britishbattles.com/images/trenton/trent
on-map-l.jpg
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Philadelphia Falls

• General Howe wanted to take Philadelphia
• He forced out Washingtons troops and Congress
  was also forced to flee
• More continental losses
• Brandywine
• Germantown
• The British enjoy the winter in Philly!

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MAJOR BATTLES,1776 - 1777

• BATTLE DATE RESULT
• Long Island Aug., 1776 Brits. win
  Americans evacuate NY
• Trenton Dec., 26, 1776 Amer. win
• Princeton Jan., 1777 Amer. win
  
  
• Brandywine Aug., 1777 Brits. win
• Germantown Sept., 1777 Brits. Win
• Philadelphia Aug./Sept., 1777 Captured
  by Brits
• Saratoga Oct., 17, 1777 Amer. win

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SARATOGA

• 1777 British appear to be winning the war
• Brits. in control of New York
• Brits. win battles near Philadelphia
• Continental Army in desperate need of men,
  supplies
• Continental Congress w/out a capital or enough
• British plan to end the war
• Simple theory Divide New England colonies from
  Middle Southern colonies, then conquer them.
• How?
• Use two-pronged attack to cut NE from NY
• Gen. Burgoyne Brit. Army in Canada would
  advance south to Hudson River.
• Gen. Howe would advance from New York meet
  Burgoynes army
• Result? Colonies would be divided revolution
  would end

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BATTLE OF SARATOGA Benedict Arnold vs.
Burgoyne KEY IDEA Control the water, Control the
land BRITISH OBJECTIVE Divide the colonies
How?? REBEL STRATEGY Delay the British
link-up, using winter as an ally. TURNING POINT
British defeat at Saratoga RESULT Delay the
British and brings France in on side of the
Americans!! NOTE Benedict Arnold latter
betrays the cause, jealous and petulant
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BATTLE OF SARATOGA Benedict Arnold vs.
Burgoyne KEY IDEA Control the water, Control the
land BRITISH OBJECTIVE Divide the colonies
How?? REBEL STRATEGY Delay the British
link-up, using winter as an ally. TURNING POINT
British defeat at Saratoga RESULT Delay the
British and brings France in on side of the
Americans!! NOTE Benedict Arnold latter
betrays the cause, jealous and petulant
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Franco- American Alliance

• Americans get
• A wider war
• France, Spain, Holland
• fighting in North America, South America, Asia,
  Caribbean, and on the high seas.
• Most of its supplies, training, and naval support

• France gives
• Gunpowder
• Munitions
• (90 of American gunpowder in first 2 years
  comes from France!!)
• France gets
• Ally in the New World
• A weakened Britain,
• Protection for her sugar colonies in the West
  Indies
• Possibly New France back as well

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Winter at Valley Forge

• Winter 1777-1778
• Terrible winter with few supplies.
• LOW POINT FOR THE AMERICANS.
• Troops that remain are committed and trained by
  Baron von Steuben. ?????
• Inadequate
• Food
• Supplies
• Firewood
• shelter

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Washingtons description of Valley Forge

• It may be said that no history can furnish an
  instance of an Armys suffering uncommon
  hardships as ours has done. To see men without
  clothes to cover their nakedness, without
  blankets to lay on, without shoes, by which their
  marches might be traced by the blood from their
  feet, and almost as often without provision as
  with. Marching through frost and snow, and at
  Christmas taking up their winter quarters within
  a days march of the enemy, without a hut to
  cover them until they could be built and
  submitting to it without a murmur, is a mark of
  patience and obedience which in my opinion can
  scarcely be paralleled.
• General George Washington

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Profiteering and Inflation
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• What role did women and slaves play in the war?
• How was the war beneficial to them?

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Terms

• Trenton
• Saratoga
• Valley Forge
• Inflation
• Profiteering