Adolescence

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• Adolescence

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Physical Development
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Biological Changes of PubertyThe Physical
Changes of Puberty

• Puberty is a time period of rapid biological
  growth
• Hormonal changes associated with percentage of
  body fat
• Estrogenestradiol production 8 times higher in
  females
• Androgenstestosterone is 20 times higher in
  males

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Biological Changes of PubertyThe Physical
Changes of Puberty
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Biological Changes of PubertyThe Physical
Changes of Puberty

• Primary sex characteristicsdirectly related to
  reproduction
• Secondary sex characteristicsother bodily
  changes due to hormonal increases
• Girls experience menarche (first menstrual
  period)
• Boys experience spermarche (first ejaculation)

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Biological Changes of PubertyThe Physical
Changes of Puberty
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Biological Changes of PubertyThe Physical
Changes of Puberty

• Exuberance and synaptic pruning
• Especially concentrated in the frontal lobes
• Myelination encourages efficiency in thought
• Cerebellum continues to grow

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Biological Changes of PubertyTiming of Puberty

• Girls begin puberty about two years earlier than
  boys
• Cultural differences
• Kikuyuboys show puberty before females
• Chinesegirls develop pubic hair before breast
  buds (counter to Western pattern)
• African Americangirls develop breast buds and
  pubic hair earlier than white girls

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Biological Changes of PubertyTiming of Puberty

• Technology in food production and medical care
  influence puberty
• Age of menarche has decreased in Western
  countries
• Average age of menarche is lowest in
  industrialized countries
• In rapidly developing countries a decline is seen
  in recent decades after development

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Biological Changes of PubertyTiming of Puberty
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Biological Changes of PubertyTiming of Puberty

• Early maturation
• Girlsdepressed mood, negative body image, eating
  disorders
• Boysfavorable body image, higher popularity,
  earlier delinquency
• Later maturation may be more negative for boys
  with fewer problems for girls

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Physical DevelopmentPuberty Rituals

• Puberty rituals mark a transition
• Girls
• Menstrual blood may be considered dangerous to
  crops, livestock, and people
• Boys
• May be required to show feats of courage,
  strength, or pain endurance
• Circumcision

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Health Issues in AdolescenceEating Disorders

• Anorexia
• Inability to maintain body weight
• Fear of weight gain
• Lack of menstruation
• Distorted body image

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Health Issues in AdolescenceEating Disorders

• Bulimia
• Fear of weight gain
• Engage in binge eating then purge
• Can damage teeth from repeated vomiting
• Tend to maintain normal weight and recognize
  abnormal eating patterns
• Eating disorders are more common in cultures that
  emphasize slimness

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Health Issues in AdolescenceEating Disorders

• Treatment options hospitalization, medication,
  or psychotherapy
• Effectiveness
• 1/3 of individuals treated for anorexia remain
  ill
• 1/2 of individuals treated for bulimia relapse
• Continuing problems as individuals dealing with
  these disorders age

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Health Issues in AdolescenceSubstance Use

• Reasons for substance use among adolescents are
  varied
• Experimental
• Social
• Medicinal
• Addictive

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Cognitive Development
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Piagets Formal OperationsHypothetical Deductive
Reasoning

• Hypothetical Deductive reasoning
• Pendulum problem

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Piagets Formal OperationsCritiques

• Individual differences
• Not seen in every instance of teen life
• Adolescents with math and science exhibit it
  more
• Cultural differences
• Traditional Piagetian tasks show little success
• Success if task relevant to culture

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Information ProcessingAttention and Metamemory

• Adolescents improve on attention tasks
• Selective attentionfocus on relevant information
• Divided attentiontwo things at once but learning
  is still detrimentally effected
• Memory also improves
• Use of memory strategies (mnemonic devices)
• Experience and knowledge is enhancing

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Social Cognition Imaginary Audience and Personal
Fable

• Adolescent Egocentrism has two aspects
• Imaginary audience
• Leads to feeling of self-consciousness
• Personal fable
• Can lead to anguish and high risk behavior

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Cognitive DevelopmentCulture and Cognition

• Lev Vygotsky
• Zone of Proximal Development
• Scaffolding

Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Development
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Emotional and Social Development
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Emotional and Self-DevelopmentStorm and Stress

• Adolescence thought to be a time of storm and
  stress
• Experience Sampling Method (ESM) has shown that
• In U.S. it is a time of emotional volatility
• Self-conscious, embarrassed, moody, lonely, and
  nervous

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Emotional and Self-DevelopmentStorm and Stress

• Source of distress a combination of cognitive and
  environmental factors
• Transitions coupled with how events are
  interpreted contribute to volatility

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Emotional and Self-DevelopmentStorm and Stress
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Emotional and Self-Development

• Adolescent selfconceptions become complex
• Composed of
• Actual selftrue self conception
• Possible selfwhat you could become
• Ideal selfwould like to be
• Feared selfpossible to become but fears becoming
  it
• False selfwhat is shown to others

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Emotional and Self-Development

• Discrepancy between actual self and ideal self
  can lead to feelings of failure and depression
• Self-esteem tends to fluctuate during adolescence

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Emotional and Self-DevelopmentSelf-Esteem
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Emotional and Self-DevelopmentSelf-Esteem

• Self-esteem composed of many dimensions
• Susan Harter investigated eight domains of
  influence on adolescent self-image

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Emotional and Self-DevelopmentSelf-Esteem

• Domains of importance to most adolescents are
• Physical appearance
• Social acceptance
• Tend to effect self-esteem the most especially in
  girls

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Emotional and Self-DevelopmentGender
Intensification

• Gender intensification hypothesispsychological
  and behavioral differences more pronounced from
  childhood to adolescence due to increased
  pressure to conform to gender roles

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Emotional and Self-DevelopmentGender
Intensification

• Research has been shown to support hypothesis
• From 6th8th grade boys and girls
  self-descriptions became more gender stereotyped

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Emotional and Self-DevelopmentGender
Intensification

• Gender intensification higher in traditional
  cultures
• Boys
• Achieve manhood by providing, protecting, and
  procreating
• Girls
• Demonstrate womanhood but it is inevitable and
  cannot fail

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Cultural BeliefsMoral Development

• Kohlberg proposed a universal theory of moral
  development
• His focus was on the structure of moral reasoning

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Cultural BeliefsMoral Development

• Classified moral reasoning into three levels
  composed of two stages each
• Preconventionlikelihood of rewards and
  punishments
• Conventionalvalue conforming to moral others
• Post conventionalobjective principles of right
  and wrong

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Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development
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Cultural BeliefsMoral Development

• Alternate view of moral reasoning focuses on the
  individuals worldview
• World view provides basis for
• Moral reasoningexplaining right or wrong
• Moral evaluationsoutcome of moral reasoning
• Moral behaviorsactions that reinforce world view

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Cultural BeliefsMoral Development
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Cultural BeliefsReligious Beliefs

• Adolescents in industrialized societies are less
  religious than traditional cultures
• Religion has a low priority and tends to follow
  no specific traditional doctrine

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Cultural BeliefsReligious Beliefs
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Cultural BeliefsReligious Beliefs

• Differences in religiosity include
• Family characteristics
• Ethnicity
• Religious involvement provides protective factors

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Family Relationships

• Conflicts with parents increase
• May be due to sexual maturation, cognitive
  issues, and greater independence and autonomy

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Family Relationships

• Sibling relationships have conflict but less than
  in earlier childhood
• Traditional cultures
• Siblings have child care responsibilities
• Close to extended family members
• More contact in traditional cultures than Western
  countries

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Peers and Friends

• Friends provide companionship and intimacy
• In traditional cultures adolescents spend more
  time with family than peers
• Intimacy most distinctive feature of adolescent
  friendships

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Peers and Friends

• Girls talk more with their friends than boys
• Non-Western countries adolescents are close to
  families even as they are close to friends

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Peers and Friends

• Adolescent social groups include
• Cliquessmall group of friends
• Crowdslarger reputation based and not
  necessarily friends
• Elites, athletes, academics, deviants, and others
• Crowds help adolescents define their own
  identities

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Peers and Friends

• Bullying composed of three components
• Aggressionphysical or verbal
• Repetitionpattern over time
• Power imbalancehigher peer status
• Negative effects include helplessness, anxiety,
  and unhappiness
• Cyber bulling has highest rates in early
  adolescence

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development Love
and Sexuality

• Romantic relationships increase over time
• Asian cultures later than other groups
• Romance is less formal than previous years

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development Love
and Sexuality

• Relationships and sexuality are viewed
  differently due to culture
• Permissive cultures tolerate sexuality
• Semi restrictive cultures have prohibitions
• Restrictive cultures have strong prohibitions

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Pregnancy

• Pregnancy and contraception use vary by type of
  country
• Permissive adolescent sex attitudeslow rates of
  conception
• Influenced by availability and attitudes about
  safe sex and contraception

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Pregnancy

• Restrictive adolescent sex attitudeslow rates of
  conception
• Influenced by discouraging attitudes
• United States high rate impacted by mixed messages

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Sexual Orientation

• Adolescence is when sexual orientation is fully
  aware
• Historically kept secret now more likely to come
  out
• Homophobia can make coming out traumatic
• Parental rejection a concern
• Acceptance by peers may be increasing

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Schools

• International variations
• School types
• Comprehensive Schools
• Non-Comprehensive Schools
• Enrollment
• Developed countries is the norm
• Developing countries it is difficult
• Gender differences and rising enrollments but
  insufficient funding and lack of teachers

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Social and Cultural Contexts of DevelopmentWork

• Developing countries
• Prostitution on rise especially in Asia
• Many ways it can occur
• Developed countries
• Not related to family support
• Could negatively impact development
• Increased hours could lower grades

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development Work
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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development Work

• European countries have tradition of
  apprenticeship
• Common in central and northern Europe
• Entry at age 16
• Continued part time schooling
• Training that takes place in workplace
• Preparation for a career in a respected profession

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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Media Use
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Social and Cultural Contexts of Development
Media Use

• Electronic games
• Become more popular amongst boys
• Favorite games involve violence
• Could be related to anxiety and depression
• Use may be related to feelings of power, fame,
  and dealing with stress

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Problems and ResilienceCrime and Delinquency

• Crime rates peak about 18 then decline
• Age-crime relationship
• Increased peer importance coupled with
  independence from parents
• Two types of delinquency
• Life coursepersistent delinquents
• Adolescence limited delinquents

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Problems and ResilienceCrime and Delinquency
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Problems and ResilienceDepression

• Types of depression
• Depressed mood
• Depressive syndrome
• Major depressive disorder
• Two types of treatment
• Anti-depressant therapy
• Cognitive behavior therapy

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Problems and ResilienceResilience in Adolescence

• Resiliencegood outcomes in spite of threats to
  adaptation and development
• Protective factors are
• High intelligence
• Effective parenting
• Adult mentor
• High self-regulation
• Ethnic identity (minorities)
• Religiosity