Chapter 10: Revolution and Enlightenment

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Chapter 10 Revolution and Enlightenment
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Section 1 The Scientific Revolution

• Background to the Revolution
• Middle Ages, scientist relied on a few ancient
  authorities like Aristotle but there are several
  reasons why philosophers abandoned old views and
  developed new ones
• Renaissance humanist discovered works by Ptolemy,
  Archimedes, and Plato that had disagreed with
  Aristotle
• invention of new instruments like the telescope
  and microscope
• printing press spread ideas
• the study of mathematics

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• Revolution in Astronomy
• The Ptolemaic System A geocentric model of the
  universe earth was fixed and motionless beyond
  the spheres was Heaven, where God and saved souls
  resided

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Nicholas Copernicus wrote On the Revolutions of
the Heavenly Spheres. In the book he introduced
the heliocentric model of the universe, where
planets revolved around the sun, moons revolved
around planets, and apparent movement of the sun
was caused by the earth spinning
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Johannes Kepler discovered the laws of planetary
motion. Keplers First Law orbits of planets
was elliptical not circular sun off-center
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• Galileo
• first to use a telescope discovered mountains on
  the moon, four moons revolving Jupiter, and
  sunspots.
• Wrote The Starry Messenger said planets were
  composed of material substance rather than just
  orbs of light widely read made Europeans aware
  of the works of Copernicus and Kepler as well.
• Galileo was put on trial for heresy because his
  writings threatened church teachings that the
  heavens were fixed and unchanging and that seemed
  to contradict the Bible

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• Isaac Newton
• explained motion in the universe and tied
  together the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and
  Galileo
• wrote Principles of Natural Philosophy in the
  book Newton defined the laws of motion crucial
  to his whole argument was the universal law of
  gravitation this law states that every object in
  the universe is attracted to every other object
  by a force called gravity.

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Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry
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• Anatomy was based on the work of Andreas
  Vesalius wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body
  in the book, he discussed what he found
  dissecting human bodies presented an accurate
  description of the organs and structure of the
  body

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• William Harvey wrote On the Motion of the Heart
  and Blood showed that the heart was the
  beginning point for the circulation of blood in
  the body also proved same blood flowed in both
  veins and arteries and makes a complete circuit
  as it passes through the body.

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• Chemistry
• Robert Boyle worked on the properties of gases
  Boyles Law the volume of a gas varies with the
  pressure exerted on it
• Antoine Lavoisier invented system of naming
  chemical elements
• regarded as founder of
• modern chemistry.

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• Women and the Origins of Modern Science
• Margaret Cavendish wrote Observations Upon
  Experimental Philosophy in the book she was
  critical of the growing belief that humans,
  through science, were masters of nature
• Maria Winkelmann discovered a comet was refused
  a teaching position because of her sex

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• Descartes and Reason
• Rene Descartes wrote Discourse on Method in the
  book he emphasized the importance of the mind and
  reason mind and matter were completely separate
  famous quote I think, therefore I am
  Descartes has been called the father of modern
  rationalism the belief that reason is the chief
  source of knowledge.

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• The Scientific Method a systematic procedure for
  collecting and analyzing evidence developed by
  Francis Bacon Bacon believed scientist should
  use inductive reasoning to learn about nature
  proceed from the particular to the general

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Section 10.2 The Enlightenment
The Thinker
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• Path to the Enlightenment
• ________________ saw the success scientist had
  using ______________ to discover
  _________________ (Scientific Revolution)
  therefore __________________ were confident they
  could use ______________ to discover
  __________________and influence society
  (___________________________)

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• _________________ wrote __________________________
  _____ in the book he argues that everyone is
  born with a ________________ (tabula rasa blank
  tablet) and people are molded by their
  __________________ if people were exposed to the
  right _________________, then people could be
  changed and a new society created.

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Tabula Rasa
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Philosophes and Their Ideas

• __________________________
• wrote __________________________ in this book
  Montesquieu tries to use the ____________________
  to find __________________ that govern the
  __________ and _____________ relationships of
  human beings
• While studying Englands monarch,
• he found it to _________________
• of government the ____________, the
• ___________, and the __________.The
• government functioned through
• __________________ each ___________
• and ___________ the _____________
• this system provided the greatest
• security for the state

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_____________

• Wrote____________________ in the
• book he promoted_____________
• toleration
• Theory the universe is a ___________
• and ________is the___________________
• also wrote against__________________,__________,
  and the _____________ of
• the_____________ and his writings offended
  the ________________and_______________ he was
  imprisoned and exiled for his writings his
  books were censored and burned therefore Voltaire
  becomes an ardent defender of the freedom of
  speech

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_____________

• wrote the Encyclopedia a 28 volume collection of
  knowledge he edited its purpose was to
  _______________________
• articles supported_______________, and called
  for___________________________
• _________________________________.

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Toward a New Social Science

• Economics
• The __________________ group who was interested
  in _______________________________ that
  governed___________________ argued that if
  individuals were __________________to pursue
  their own___________________, all society would
  benefit
• ___________________________
• Let people do what they ________
• no ______________ by government

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• ______________________wrote_______________________
  _____. He believed in ____________________ and
  he argued the __________________had only three
  roles
• 1. ___________________from invasion
• 2. ___________________from injustice
• 3. ________________________projects

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______________________

• wrote essay______________________ in the book he
  argues _________________ should not
  be_______________________ also
  opposed________________________

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The Later Enlightenment

• _________________________
• Wrote______________________________________ in
  the book he argues that _____________________ and
  _______________________________and in the process
  become _______________ to the government
• Wrote_________________________ he argues
  an________________________________________________
  _____ self-interest must be given up for what is
  best for the entire
• community
• wrote __________a novel that
• argues that an _____________should
• ____________________________

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Social World of the Enlightenment

• The ______________________ more books were
  published and _________________________________
  _____________________________________ began to be
  published in the early 1700s
• The ___________________ drawing rooms of the
  wealthy upper classs invited _______________and
  took part in _________________about the ideas of
  the ________________________ these gatherings
  helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment

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Religion in the Enlightenment

• ______________________ new religious movement
  started by________________ stressed the
  importance of ____________ and encouraged
  behaviors that led to____________________________

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Section 3 The Impact of the Enlightenment
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