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Unit One Objectives

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Unit One Objectives Scientific Method & Graphing SLIDE 1 Demonstrate appropriate use and usefulness of the scientific method (Slide 2) Demonstrate the steps ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Unit One Objectives


1
Unit One Objectives Scientific Method Graphing
SLIDE 1
  1. Demonstrate appropriate use and usefulness of the
    scientific method (Slide 2)
  2. Demonstrate the steps involved in the scientific
    method (Slide 3)
  3. Explain and create a proper hypothesis and
    conclusion (4-5)
  4. Describe how scientists test hypotheses
    specifically (6)
  5. Identify control groups, controlled variables,
    independent variables (IV), and dependent
    variables (DV) in a study (7)
  6. Create graphs (line, bar, best fit) to represent
    scientific data accurately (using TAILS) (8-16)
  7. Determine correct location of IV DV on a graph
    (8)
  8. Analyze data using a graph to support (or not) a
    hypothesis (e.g. which plants grew faster?) (17)
  9. Compare contrast hypothesis, scientific law,
    scientific theory

2
Objective 1
SLIDE 2
  • The Scientific Method refers to the investigation
    of phenomena (gravity) in order to acquire new
    knowledge or correct previous knowledge.
  • - Usually begins with an observation (a growing
    tree)
  • - Question What makes the tree grow?
  • - Gather information The tree receives sunlight
    and rain.
  • - Hypothesis The tree grows due to sunlight
    water.
  • - Test the hypothesis using an experiment.
  • - Analysis Which plants grew/did not grow? Look
    at the data to figure out what happened and why.
  • - Conclusion Trees grow when in sunlight and
    given water.

3
Objective 2
SLIDE 3
  • You should already know that trees and other
    plants grow because of sunlight and water.
  • This is the basis of Photosynthesis a unit
    coming up later.
  • At one point humans realized what made plants
    grow leading us to cultivating and become
    farmers.
  • However, the Scientific Method can be as simple
    as a kid figuring out how to throw a ball or ride
    a bike.
  • It is always being used as scientists discover
    new medicines, develop better technologies, and
    maybe cure cancer.
  • There is no one single process for the
    scientific method.
  • Obviously new medicine is not discovered the same
    way a child learns to ride a bike.
  • The next few slides will discuss the parts of the
    scientific method that are used in various
    degrees.

4
Objective 3
SLIDE 4
  • A Hypothesis is a testable statement that
    attempts to explain a phenomena.
  • - A hypothesis is not a question.
  • - A hypothesis should not include I think or
    we believe
  • - A hypothesis is not a wild, random guess.
  • - A hypothesis is based on logic, reasoning,
    observation.
  • - Hypotheses (plural form) can be revised.
  • Example 1 Trees grow when given sunlight and
    water.
  • - A hypothesis can also be written as an if,
    then statement.
  • Example 2 If trees are given sunlight and water,
    then they will grow.
  • Both of the following hypotheses examples can be
    tested.

5
Objective 3 (continued)
SLIDE 5
  • A Conclusion is a set of statements that explain
    whether or not the hypothesis was supported after
    testing.
  • - A conclusion does not prove or disprove a
    hypothesis.
  • - A conclusion comes after testing has occurred.
  • - A conclusion should include an explanation of
    results.
  • - A conclusion can attempt to explain why the
    results occurred.
  • - A conclusion can also include a summary of
    testing procedures if necessary.

6
Objective 4
SLIDE 6
  • Lets test the hypothesis Trees grow when given
    enough sunlight and water.
  • Our first test will consist of 2 groups of 10
    plants each.
  • Group 1 will be placed in sunlight, group 2 will
    be in the dark.
  • Both groups will be given equal amounts of water,
    soil, etc.
  • Our next test will also be made of 2 groups of 10
    plants each.
  • Group 3 will be given 100mL of water per day,
    group 410mL
  • Both groups will be placed in sunlight.
  • Our imaginary results show that groups 1 3 grew
    the most.
  • What can we conclude? Is our hypothesis supported?

7
Objective 5
SLIDE 7
  • For good experiments, it is necessary to have
    control groups and control variables.
  • Since we are testing sunlight and water, our
    control groups are those that are not getting
    treatment (sunlight/water).
  • Control variables are the things that remain the
    same for all
  • - Amount of soil (size of container) soil pH
  • - Length of time
  • - Type of plant (why is this important?)
  • - Relative humidity
  • - Location (same general vicinity)
  • Independent Variables (IV)are what we are
    changing/testing
  • - Exp 1 sunlight vs. no sunlight, Exp 2
    more/less water
  • Dependent Variables (DV) are what we measure
    plant growth

8
Objectives 6 7
SLIDE 8
  • In order to make a graph, we obviously need to
    collect data.
  • However, once the data is collected, it is
    important to remember to add all of the parts of
    a well made graph.
  • We will use the acronym TAILS to remember all of
    the parts
  • T TITLE should be brief, but descriptive
  • A AXES arranged correctly IV on the X axis,
    DV on the Y
  • I INTERVALS are appropriate 0.1s, 1s, 2s,
    10s, 100s
  • L LABEL your axes and include units (cm, sec,
    g, etc.)
  • You should also label lines/bars or include a
    Legend
  • S SCALE your graph so it take up the available
    space
  • Graphs are made to represent data visually.
    Excluding any of these parts make a graph harder
    to interpret, hence defeating the purpose.

9
Objective 6
SLIDE 9
  • Here is our data set from Experiment 1

Plant in Light Growth (cm) Plant in Dark Growth (cm)
1 6.2 1 1.2
2 5.8 2 0.8
3 7.4 3 2.2
4 6.6 4 1.0
5 5.4 5 2.4
6 6.4 6 1.6
7 7.2 7 2.2
8 6.0 8 3.2
9 6.8 9 0.8
10 7.0 10 1.0
10
Objective 6 (continued)
SLIDE 10
Plant Growth (Light vs. Dark)
Growth in cm
Plants 1-10 in Sunlight Plants 1-10 in Dark
11
Objective 6 (continued)
SLIDE 11
Average Plant Growth (Light vs. Dark)
Average Growth in cm
Sunlight Dark
12
Objective 6 (continued)
SLIDE 12
  • Here is our data set from Experiment 2

Given 100 mL Growth (cm) Given 10 mL Growth (cm)
1 6.8 1 1.8
2 5.4 2 2.2
3 7.0 3 3.0
4 6.0 4 2.6
5 5.2 5 2.4
6 6.8 6 3.2
7 7.0 7 2.8
8 6.8 8 2.0
9 6.2 9 2.4
10 5.6 10 2.2
13
Objective 6 (continued)
SLIDE 13
Plant Growth (More Water vs. Less Water)
Growth in cm
Plants 1-10 w/100 mL Plants 1-10 w/ 10mL
14
Objective 6 (continued)
SLIDE 14
Average Plant Growth (More Water vs. Less Water)
Average Growth in cm
100 mL 10 mL
15
Objective 6 (continued)
SLIDE 15
  • Line graphs are useful to show increases and
    decreases in values over time and also to predict
    future values.
  • Here is a graph of population growth for 2
    different tree species.
  • Which parts are missing? Fill them in.

16
Objective 6 (continued)
SLIDE 16
  • Below is a scatter plot of growth for two
    different tree species.
  • Pencil in a line of best fit. How tall will the
    trees be at week 70?

Tree Growth in 60 Weeks (Maple vs. Pine)
Average Growth in cm
Time in Weeks
17
Objective 8
SLIDE 17
  • Lets use our tree species to support or reject a
    hypothesis.
  • Pretend your hypothesis was Deciduous trees
    (maples) grow faster than conifers (pine). Does
    this test support your hypothesis?

Tree Growth in 60 Weeks (Maple vs. Pine)
Average Growth in cm
Time in Weeks
18
Objective 9
SLIDE 18
  • Remember a hypothesis is merely a testable
    statement that attempts to explain a phenomena.
  • Throughout time there have probably been millions
    of hypotheses that have been supported and not
    supported.
  • A law is an analytic statement that has empirical
    evidence for its existence (Law of Gravity). Most
    are physical and chemical.
  • According to gravity, if you drop something on
    Earth it will fall at a given rate. Nothing has
    been found to contradict this.
  • A theory is a set of information and laws that
    attempt to generalize concepts/observations to
    apply to a whole.
  • In 1859, Charles Darwin published his theory of
    evolution by natural selection which discussed in
    great detail how organisms change over time out
    of necessity for survival.
  • He did not observe every single organism on the
    planet, but applied his knowledge and data to
    life on Earth, in general.
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