Republic of Turkey

1
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Labour and Social
Security, Directorate General of Occupational
Health and Safety and Occupational Health and
Safety Center (ISGUM)

2

• Contents
• Some Statistical Data about Turkey
• Worklife in Turkey
• Ministry of labour and social security (MoLSS)
• Directorate General Of Occupational Health And
  Safety(DGOHS)

3
WHAT IS A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE?

• ACCORDING TO TURKISH LEGISLATION ANY ELMENT,
  COMPOUND OR MIXTURE THAT
• NATURALLY EXIST IN THE ENVIRONMENT or
• PRODUCED/MANUFACTURED or
• FORMS INTENTIONALLY OR UNINTENTIONALLY AS A
  RESULT OF ANY PROCESS OR OPERATION or
• FORMS AS WASTEPRODUCT OF ANY PROCESS or OPERATION
• Any other possibility?

4
WHAT DOES ISGUM DO WORPLACES HAVING CHEMICALS?

• ANALYZE THE PROCESS (COVERED NOW)
• PREPARE THE LIST OF CHEMICALS USED OR FORMED
  (COVERED NOW)
• TAKE SAMPLES WHERE NECCESARRY (COVERED LATER)
• ANALYZE SAMPLES AND EVALUATE RESULTS(COVERED
  LATER)
• EXPLAIN PREVENTIVE MEASURES (COVERED LATER)

5
Analysis of a Sample Process Iron Production

• Iron ore is divided into pieces and pellets are
  formed (floating or magnetic method)
• It is mixed with the high furnace chimney dust
  and the coal dust and smoothened in a sintering
  furnace
• Hot air is fed to the sintering furnace by a
  transfer pipe from the high furnace

6
Analysis of a Sample Process Iron Production

• The hole at the top of the sintering furnace is
  opened and the slag and iron mixture is fed to
  the furnace
• As the mixture moves down the slag and the iron
  are separated,
• The air blown from the bottom of the high furnace
  is heated up by hot waste gases coming from the
  top of the sintering furnace

7
Analysis of a Sample Process Iron Production

• The cehmicals at the furnace
• Burning product CO2 Iron (III) oxides reduced to
  Iron (II) oxides athe bottom parts pure iron is
  formed by consecutive reducings.
• The CO2 formed is reduced again with coke and CO
  is formed.
• As the material moves down the counter current
  gases causes to form calcium oxide and carbon
  monoxide.
• The pure iron is poured into baskets
• Several other chemicals form during the pouring
  of iron to baskets and production of steel. The
  rest is not anaylzed for time convenience

8
Results of Analysis (For iron and steel together)

• CO exposure is highly possible especially during
  maintenance
• Oil mist (Oil is used in pouring baskets)
• Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (degrading of oils at
  high temperatures)
• Physical agents like heat stress, radiation and
  noise

9
Results of Analysis (For iron and steel together)

• Finishing chemicals (painting, production of lead
  including steel, sin coating etc.) will be
  mentioned later.
• DUSTS!!!
• I want exchange knowladge with the audience about
  dusts in this process.

10
Process Scheme

• DUSTS!!!

iron ore lime stone
Gas out
Very hot region
Hot air
Iron goes to baskets
11
COPPER PRODUCTION

• SULPHUR DIOXIDE DURING BURNING PROCESS
• HOW DO YOU MEASURE SO2?
• CARBON MONOXIDE (Burning Processes)
• Suplhuric acid is also in the process??? Can we
  discuss this?
• 10-16 Sulphuric acid is used in electrolysis

12
COPPER PRODUCTION

• Metal fumes (Cu, zn, As, Cd, Mo) in copper
  production
• Loading of oxygen flash furnace
• Operating oxygen flash furnace
• Anodes of electrolysis cells

13
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

• ENCOUNTERED RFEQUENTLY IN TURKEY!! Hazard of
  these operations are underestimetd in Turkey!!
• Mechanical cleaning
• Ultrasonic cleaning
• Vibration or drum cleaning

14
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

• Chemical cleaning
• Cleaning solvents
• Acids
• Bases

15
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

• Cleaning of metal surfaces with blasting
  techniques are problematic in Turkey.
• Sand, some silicates and aluminium oxides used in
  these operations create hazards.
• Iron balls, large particulated sand and zinc
  balls also create hazards

16
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

• Sand blasting device Blasting cabinet
• How to work with these?

17
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

• The worse case in Turkey was that blast was done
  in open cabinets and the particle contentartions
  were very high!!!

18
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

• We are sure that
• Silica sand blasting and other blasting
  operations create respirable dusuts hazardous to
  lungs. Cyristaline silica and respirable dust
  must be measured.
• Lead and Mercury exposure is likely in removing
  paints from metals.

19
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

• Chemical Degrasing (Underestimated in Turkey)
• With sovents
• Direct application (brushing, wiping off etc.)
• Spreying
• Immersion

20
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

• Mostly used solvents
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons (methylene chlorate,
  tricholoroethylene etc.)- highly toxic
• Petroleum based solvents and mineral compounds
• Alcohols (isopropanol)

21
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

• Chemical degreasing with acids and bases
• Spreying
• Immersing
• Low tempearures are required for fast cleaning
• When a pH of 10.5-11.5 is required, ultrasonic
  vibrations are used to increase performance of
  cleaning

22
Chemical degreasing with acids and bases

• Acids!?
• Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid,
  phosphoric acid etc. are used.
• Fro example, 5-15 sulphuric acid, 10-25
  hydrochloric acid are used in 60-82oC
  non-electrolytic baths
• Samples are generally below OEL's

23
DEGREASING AND CLEANING OF METALS

• Chemical degreasing with acids and bases
• Hazardous bases
• Caustic soda (local exhaust ventilation is
  essential)
• Sodium silicate, trisodium phosphate etc. (not
  encountered in high concentrations)

24
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• FOR THE PURPOSES OF
• Preventing corrosion,
• Obtaining good view
• Electrical isolation
• And special applications
• PAINTING IS VERY FREQUENT IN TURKEY!

25
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• Unlike degraesing and cleaning, painting is not
  underestimated in Turkey.
• Solvents and other industrial chemicals are
  licenced by ISGÜM and their usage schemes are
  regularly controlled.
• Degreasing are cleaning is not that much
  legislated.

26
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• Recommended Geometry for Spreying
• What do you recommend? What are the pros and cons
  of this geometry?

painter
Painted object
Air out
sprey
27
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• The chemistry of paints

MAJOR COMPONENT CONSTITUENTS PURPOSE
VEHICLE BINDER SOLVENT RESIN THAT FORMS FILM THINNER FOR ADJUSTMENT OF VISCOCITY
FILLER GENERAL FILLER PIGMENT EXTENDER HIDING ABILITY, BODY, COLOR OPAQUENESS COLOR FILLERS THAT BUILD BODY
ADDITIVES DRIERS BIOCIDE FLATTING AGENTS STABILIZERS ANTISKINNING SPEED DRYING PREVENT GROWTH OF MOLD/FUNGS PROVIDE LOW LUSTER PREVENT HEAT AND UV RADIATION PREVENT SKIN FORMATION IN CAN
28
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS
• White
• Titanium dioxide (TiO2),
• Zinc oxide (ZNO),
• Antimony oxide (Sb2O3),
• White Lead (2PBCO3 Pb(OH)2)

29
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS
• Yellow inorganic pigments
• Lead Chromates (PbCrO4)
• Zinc Chromates (ZnCrO4)
• Yellow iron oxides (Fe2O3 . H2O)

30
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS
• Green inorganic pigments
• Chromium oxide (Cr2O3)
• Lead Chrome Greens ( PbCrO4 . KFeFe(CN)6 )
• Blue Inorganic pigments
• Prussian Blue (KFeFe(CN)6)
• Ulltramine Blue (3Na2O3 . 3Al2O3 . 6SiO2Na2S)

31
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS
• Red inorganic pigments
• Red iron oxide (Fe2O3)
• Black pigments
• Black iron oxide (Fe3O4)
• Carbon blacks

32
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• CHEMISTRY OF PAINTS, MOSTLY USED PIGMENTS
• Hansa yellows
• Benzidine yellow
• Pigment Green B
• Phthalocyanine blue
• Toluidine reds
• Arylamide reds

33
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• SOLVENTS!!!
• Aromatic solvents
• Benzene
• Toluene
• Xylene
• Aromatic naphthas
• Aromatic petroleum solvents

34
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• SOLVENTS!!!
• Aliphatic Solvents
• Petroleum etjher
• Lacquer diluent
• Mineral spirits
• Kerosene
• High flash naphthas

35
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• SOLVENTS!!!
• Glycol Ethers
• Chlorinated solvents
• Methyl chloride
• Chlorothene
• Carbon tetrachloride
• Trichloroethylene
• Percholroethylene

36
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• SOLVENTS!!!
• Trepenes
• Turpentine
• Dipentene
• Pine oil

37
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• SOLVENTS!!!
• Alcohols
• Methanol
• Ethanol
• Isopropyl alcohol
• n-propyl alcohol
• N-butyl alcohol
• Secondary butyl alcohol
• Cyclohexanol

38
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• SOLVENTS!!!
• Acetates Ethyl-
• Isopropyl-
• n-Propyl-
• Secondary butyl-
• N-butyl-

39
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• SOLVENTS!!!
• Ketones
• Acetone
• MEK
• Mathyl acetone
• Methyl isobutyl ketone
• Diacetone
• Cylcloheanone
• Diisobuyly ketone

40
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• Resins? (are they very hazardous?)
• Acyrilic resin Polyvinilyidene compunds
• Alkyd resin Interaction of a polycarboxylic or
  fatty acid or its anhydride, a polyhydric alcohol
  (eg. glycol) and a vegatble oil or its fatty
  acid.

41
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• Resins? (Inhaled?)
• Amino resins condensation polymerization of an
  aldehyde with an amine or amide
• Epoxy resins Condensation polymerization between
  epichlorodyrin
• OTHER RESINS Touched with bare hands
• I want to discuss with the audience

42
INDUSTRIAL PAINTING

• Example operation car painting
• Solvent Highest (ppm) Mean(ppm)
• Toluene 250 30.6
• Xylene 36 5.8
• Butyl acetate 130 6.8
• Methyl isobutyl ketone 39 1.7
• Isporopanol 85 2.9
• Ethyl acetate 33 2.6
• Acetone 25 3.1

43
FINAL SLIGHT

• I WOULD LIKE TO DISCUSS WITH THE AUDIENCE THE
  HAZARDS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS GIVEN AND THE
  POSSIBILITES OF BETTER GEOMETRY FOR SPREY
  PAINTING
• THANK YOU
• TERIMA KASIH