Chapter 1 ??,???????? (The behaviors of Gases Liquid and Solution)

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Chapter 1 ??,???????? (The behaviors of Gases
Liquid and Solution)

• 1.?????
• 2.?????
• 3.?????

2
1 ?????

• ??????????
• 1. ???????
• Daltons law of partial pressures
  ?
• 2. ????????
• Amagats law of partial volumes ?
• 3. ??????????.
• Grahams law of diffusion

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? ????(Ideal Gases)---???????? ??????

• 1. ?????????????
• ????????????,??????
• ????????????????????
• ??????????????,????????????????????
• 2. ????????????,???????,????????????????????????
• 3. ??????????????????
• ?????????????,????????????????????,?????????
  ,???????????,????????????.

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? ??????(The Ideal Gas Law)
Avogadros hypothesis Equal volumes of gases
at the same temperature a molecular pressure
contain equal numbers of molecular.
Avogadros law The volume of a gas maintained at
constant temperature and pressure is directly
proportional to the number of moles of the gas.
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2.??????? The Ideal-gas equation
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• 4. ????????? Application of the ideal-gas
  equation.
• ?????? 1)??P, V, T, w ? M
• 2)??P, T, ? ? M
• 5. ????????????
• ????????????,?????????????

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• ?????????????????,????????????????????
  ?
• ?????????,PV gtgt nRT ,????????????????????
  ??????????????????????V?????????,? PV gtgt nRT
  ?????????? PV lt nRT ,??????????????,??????????????
  P????,??????? PVlt nRT ?

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??????????van der waals equation
?????????

• ???P?ltP???????????????1)???????????,????????????
  ?????????????????2)???????????????????
  n/V,?????????
• a, b ?? van der Waals constant, ?????.

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7. ??????????????

• ????
• A.??????????????????????????????????????
• B.??????????
• C.???????????????

?????L??????? ?? ?N??????????????M
???u????N/3?????x?? ???,????mu??????? ???????????
??(???????)?????-mu,???????,?????????2mu??????????
????????????????A??????????????2L? (????)
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? ??????? Daltons law of pressures
?????????,????????????????????

• 1.?????????????????? ???

?????????,??????????????????????????????
2.????
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6. Application of Daltons law of partial
pressures

• 1)???
• ExampleSuppose that hydrogen is collected over
  water at 25?c .How much H2 (expressed in moles)
  atmospheric pressure of 74.3 cmHg?

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?.???????? Amagats law of partial volumes

• 1 ??????????????i????,??????????,?????,??????Vi
  ????????i??????
• 2 ????????,?????,??????????????????
• 3 Deduction

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?.???????? Grahams law of effusion

• 1. Difference between effusion and diffusion
  The mixture of one gas with another is called
  diffusion. Effusion means gas molecules move from
  a high-pressure region to a low-pressure region
  through a pinhole
• 2. Grahams law Thomas Graham discovered that
  the effusion rate of a gas is inversely
  proportional to the square root of its molar mass
• ??????,???????????????
• ?(?????)???????

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5. Application of Grahams law

• 1)?????????????????(????)
• 2)??????? isotope
• ???????235

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2 ??(Liquids)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????,???????????????????,????????,???????????????
  ,??????????????????????????????????,?
  ??,????,???,??,?????(??????)

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????????

• 1.????
• 1)????????????,??????????????????????????,??????
  ????????????,???????,??????????????????.
• 2)??????,?????????????,???????????????????.
• 2.????????(?????)
• 1)?????,???????????????????????????----??.
• 2) ???????,????????,????????????----??.
• 3) ??????,??????,??????,?????????,??????????????.
  
• 4)?????????????????,?????.
• 5)?????????????????????,?????????,???????????????
  ????????.

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• 3. ??????????
• 1)???????????????????????????????,????????
• 2)Clausius-Clapeyron equation
• 3)Application

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• ?.?????
• 1 ???????????????????????????
• 2 ???????,??????????,???????
• 3 ?????????????????????,???????????,????????????
  ??????????
• 4 The boiling point of a liquid at l atm
  pressure is called its normal boiling point

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• ?.??????
• 1????????????????????????????
• 2 ???????????????????????????????????????,???????
  -40c????????????,???????????????????????????,????
  ????

3 ????? ?-?-???????????????????????????????????,?
??????????,???????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????
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• 4??????
• ???????????????????647.35K ????647.35K?????????
  ??,???????????????647.35K??,????????????????????6
  47.35K?221bar??---??????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????,????????????,
  ??????????????????,?????,??Clausius-Clapeyron?????
  ???????????????????????????,?????????????????????
  ????????

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3 ??(Solutions)

• ??????
• 1.???
• 1)????????????????????????????,???????????????
  ??(????????????????)??????????????
• 2)?? a ?????, b ??????
• 2.??(Solutions)
• ?????????
• ?????

?????(solute) ??????(solvent)
State of solution Solvent solute Example
Gas Gas Gas Air
Liquid Liquid Gas Oxygen in water
Liquid Liquid Liquid Alcohol in water
Liquid Liquid Solid Salt in water
Solid Solid Gas Hydrogen in palladium
Solid Solid Liquid Mercury in silver
solid Solid Solid Silver in gold
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• 3.??
• 1)???????????????????????????????????????,????
  ??.
• 2)???(Solubility)
• a.???????????
• (dynamic equilibrium)
• b.?????????????????
• ???????g/100gH2O??,
• ??? mol/l , ???
• c.????,???????????
• d.??????????-----??,??

???,???????????????, ??????? ?????(Herys law)
S(??) (g/100gH2O) ??
gt10 ??
1 10 ??
0.1 1 ??
lt0.1 ??
??? T ??,S ??? ???????
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• 4.????------??????
• 1. ???????????????????????????????????
• ??????????n?????????
• ??????n?,????????????n
• ?????????????????
• 2.????? kHp/xi (KH Henrys constant)
• ??????????????????
• ????????HCl,NH3???????
• ???? (?)

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• ???????(The concentration of solution)
• 1. ???????
• 1)????(m/m)
• 2)????????(n/V)
• 3)????????(n/m)
• 4)????(n/n)
• 2. ?????????.
• 3. ???????????
• ??? Guarantee reagent
• ??? Analytical reagent
• ??? Chemical reagent
• ????Laboratory reagent

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?????????( colligative properties of dilute
solution)

• Colligative ?????,???????????????????????????????
  ??,??????????
• 1. Lowering the vapor pressure
• 2. Elevation of the boiling point.
• 3. Freezing point depression of
• solution
• 4. Osmotic pressure

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????????(??)

• (?????????,???????????????)
• (1) Raoults law
• ??
• ??????,?????
• ?????????????
• ????????????
• ????????????????

??????,????????????????????????????????
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????

• 1.??????,??????????,?????????????????
• 2.?????????,??????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ????????????????,???
• ???????,??????,????????
• ???????,???????????.
• ??

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???????

• (1)?????????????????????????????????
• (2)???
• (3)Application
• a.??T?K
• b.????????

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?????????

• (1)????????????????????????????????????
• (2)???
• (3)Application
• ?1
• ?2

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????????????????????????????Kf????Kb,???????
????,???????,?????????? ???????,m
???????????????????????1M NaCl(aq) ???????????2M
(??)
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???

• (1)Semipermeable membrane (???)
• a.??Certain materials, including many membra
  in biological systems and synthetic substances
  such as cellophane, are semipermeable
  Cu2Fe(CN)6 ????????????,?????
• b.??They permit the passage of some molecules
  but not others . They often permit the passage of
  small solvent molecules such as water but block
  the passage of large solute molecules or ions.
• c. Structure Semipermeable membrane character
  is a network of tiny pores within the membrane.
• (2) Osmosis(??)???????????????????,?????
• There is a net movement of solvent molecules from
  the less concentrated solution into the more
  concentrated one. This process is called osmosis.
• The important point to remember is that the net
  movement of solvent is always toward the solution
  with the higher solute concentration.

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• (3)Experiment(??)
• a??,??????????,?????????????????(????????????
  ?)?????????,??????,??b.?????????,?????,??U????????
  ???U?????????,????????????,?? c

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• (4) vant Hoff ??
• (5)Application
• a.????
• b.??????

?? ?????????????? ??????,????????1kg??
?????????,???????? ?????? ???? ????, ?
?p????????
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• ????(isotonic solution)????????,??????????0
  .9?NaCl(aq)???????????????0.9NaCl???,????????,??
  ??????????,??????(Hemolysis),?????0.9?NaCl???,???
  ???????,?????(Sliriver),??????????????????????????
  ,???????????

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?????????

• (1)????????????????,??????,???????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????,??????????????????
  ??????????????????(Colligative properties)
• (2)???????????????????xsolvent ???,?????????,?????
  ???????????????,??????????????

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??????(Colloidal solution)

• 1.??????????????1100nm??????????
• 2.?????8?(gas-gas ??)
• ???????????????????--- sol-gel?
• 3.??(preparation)
• (1) ???
• (2) ??? (??,?,????)

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• a.????? ???????????????(?????)
• b.????? ????????,??(??)?????(?)?????????(Aerosol)(
  ?????)

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• (i)???????
• (ii)???????
• (iii)???????
• (iv)??????????

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• 4.????????????????,????????
• ???????????????
• (1)?????(Tyndalls effection)?????
• ??????
• (2)????(Electrophoresis)
• ????????????,??????????????,?
• ????(Electro osmosis)
• ?????Fe,Cd,Al,Cr,Pb,Ce,Th???????
• ????? Au,Ag,Pt,S???
• (3) ?????,??????,?????,???????,?
• ??????,??????
• (4) ????????????,?????????????,?
• ????100nm-1nm??,??????,???????????
• ????????????,????????,??????
• (5)?????????????(??)???????????
• ,?????????????????????????,????
• ??????????????????,??????????????

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5????????????

• 1?liepatoffs rule(??????)?????????????????????
• 6???????????
• a.?????(Coagulation)
• i ?????????????,????????
  ??????,???????????,????
• ii ?????????
• iii ????
• b.???????????????,???????
• ????,?????????