UNEP

1
UNEPs Activities to support second national
communications

• UNFCCC Workshop
• 8-11 April 2003
• Mauritius

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UNEPs CC Activities

• Vulnerability Assessment and cost effective
  adaptation
• Integrating land use change forestry
• Sustainable development CC
• Technology, finance and insurance
• Sustainable energy and climate change mitigation
• Kyoto mechanisms and national policy instruments

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• Scientific assessment
• Development and application of analytical tools
  and guidelines,
• Public awareness and information
• Capacity building in developing countries

4
UNEPs mandate

• 22nd Governing Council (2003) of UNEP resolved to
  strengthen the area of adaptation to climate
  change to support regional and national actions
  and programmes, including National Adaptation
  Programmes of Action (NAPAs) for Least Developed
  Countries (LDCs)

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What is ongoing?

• Methodologies, tools and resources for mitigation
  analysis
• NEPAD Climate Change Action Plan
• Testing vulnerability indices
• National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs)
• Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations to Climate
  Change
• Link between land use change and adaptation
• Public awareness

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FCCC - Methodological guidance

• Need for comparable approaches
• COP shall "promote and guide,......, the
  development and periodic refinement of comparable
  methodologies" for
• Inventories of sources and sinks
• Effectiveness of measures to mitigate CC
• SBSTA to review and advise COP on
• further development...and use of comparable
  methodologies

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and
Environment
7
COP 8 Mitigation Guidelines

• Methodological approaches
• 38. Based on national circumstances, non-Annex I
  Parties are encouraged to use whatever methods
  are available and appropriate in order to
  formulate and prioritize programmes containing
  measures to mitigate climate change this should
  be done within the framework of sustainable
  development objectives, which should include
  social, economic and environmental factors.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and
Environment
8
Objectives

• Develop Test Guidelines for National Climate
  Change Mitigation Analysis
• Enhance local capacity for mitigation analysis in
  the 8 countries through cooperation and training
• Establish input to national mitigation strategies
  and to national communication to the FCCC in 8
  participating countries
• Contribute methodological guidance and national
  experiences to the FCCC and GEF EA processes
• Disseminate guidelines and experiences to other
  programmes and projects

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and
Environment
9
UNEP Study Overview

• 8 national GEF mitigation studies
• Argentina, Ecuador, Estonia, Hungary, Indonesia,
  Mauritius, Senegal Vietnam
• Parallel national studies
• Egypt, Jordan Lebanon (GEF/EA)
• Botswana, Tanzania, Zambia, Peru (Danida)
• 2 National workshops in each country
• 4 Regional workshops
• 3 Project team training and exchange workshops

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and
Environment
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GEF Project Reports and Books

• National Regional reports
• Guidelines
• Handbook series
• Extended Cost Assessment Framework
• Sectoral Assessment
• Workshop reports

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and
Environment
11
Guidelines

• General technical guidelines
• Analytical structure Scenarios, time frame,
  policy evaluation.
• Concepts Costs, GHG reduction, broader social
  impacts.
• Technical inputs and assumptions emission
  factors, technologies etc.
• Extended cost assessment
• Local air pollution, income distribution,
  employment.
• Case studies including Mauritius and Hungary.
• Sectoral guidelines Modelling tools and
  assumptions.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and
Environment
12
CDM Capacity Building

• Capacity Development for CDM
• 12 country studies.
• Support to national CDM focal point.
• Training.
• CDM Analytical Programme
• CDM manual (medio 2003).
• Manual for assessing CDM and sustainable
  development (medio 2003).
• Technical material on CDM baseline approches.
• Technical material on CDM legal issues facing
  host countries.
• Technical material on finance and institutional
  issues.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and
Environment
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Sustainable Development and Climate Change I

• CDM support activities will include guideline
  development and case examples from 12
  participating countries.
• Sustainable development indicators will reflect
• Economic dimension E.g. Employment, sectoral
  output, finance.
• Environmental dimension E.g. Local air quality,
  other pollutants, GHG emissions.
• Social dimension E.g. Education, healt, local
  institutions. Technical material on finance and
  institutional issues.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and
Environment
14
Sustainable Development and Climate Change II

• Development and Climate Change projects
• International network with DC and IC Centres of
  Excellence.
• Development first approach to identify energy
  sector and food/water sector policies that both
  meet SD objectives and climate change.
• International policy dialogue based on policy
  examples.
• Climate change mitigation and adaptation policies
  included.
• Case studie for China, India, Bagladesh, West
  Africa, South Africa and Brasil.
• Outputs of Phase I Country study reports,
  methodological framework, background report on
  development-climate linkages.

UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and
Environment
15
NEPAD

• A holistic, integrated sustainable development
  initiative for economic and social revival of
  Africa (Value adding, self-organising and
  evolving)
• A pledge by African leaders based on a common
  vision and a firm and shared conviction that they
  have a pressing duty to eradicate poverty and to
  place their countries, individually and
  collectively, on a path of sustainable growth and
  development and, at the same time participate
  actively in world economy and body politic.

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NEPAD Leadership Co-ordination

• Provided by a Steering Committee
• Countries Algeria, Cameroon, Egypt, Mali,
  Morocco, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa,
  Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
• Environment component by bureau members of AMCEN
  chaired by Uganda
• Organisational support by UNEP, NEPAD
  Secretariat, GEF, UN ECA, AU and AfDB

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Proposed action plan

• Integrated assessment of vulnerability to climate
  variability and change and response strategies
• Evaluating synergistic effects of adaptation with
  mitigation effects
• Supporting public outreach and education
  programmes
• Water - shared river basin management, watershed
  management
• Agriculture - building capacity for early warning
• Capacity building, training

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Vulnerability Indices

• Clear understanding of what indices will be used
  for, and by whom, is essential.
• At global level, composite index could determine
  eligibility for funds.
• At the local level, sectoral indices could be
  instrumental in designing and targeting projects.
• At the national (or regional) level,
  vulnerability indices would aid in planning
  adaptation strategies.
• A fundamental challenge is to link these scales.
• The quality and quantity of data required is a
  concern.

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Uses of vulnerability assessments
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Starting points

• Scenario-led
• Climate change exposure, impacts, adaptation
• Climate change is the problem
• Adaptation is marginal to climate change impacts
• Short-term responses
• Vulnerability-first
• Risk of adverse consequences
• Focus on adaptive capacity and systemic
  properties
• Solutions in sustainable development
• Highest priority is climate variability (risk)

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One of the most common vulnerability indices,
based on life expectancy, literacy and economic
growth
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Environmental Sustainability
The CIESIN assessment combines multiple
indicators into an overall score
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Orissa indicators
Orissa state scoresunder 50 for mostof the
indicators of food insecurity, indicating
relatively highvulnerability. Food availability
isespecially precariousand many healthand
nutritional indicators are quite low.
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Component indices

• Food availability
• Deficit between consumption and production
• Instability in cereal production
• Environmental sustainability index
• Population affected by floods cyclones
• Area affected by drought
• Food access
• Calorie intake of lowest decile
• Population consuming less than 1890 kcal/day
• Population below poverty line
• Population dependent on labour income
• Rural infrastructure index
• Female sex ratio for juveniles
• Female literacy
• Scheduled populations
• Food absorption
• Life expectancy at age 1
• Population with chronic energy deficiency
• Severely stunted children under 5

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Food Insecurity
The starting point for mapping vulnerabilityto
climate change is present food insecurity.Based
on the MS Swaminathan FoundationsFood
Insecurity Atlas of India (2001),with some
exceptions, the northern states aremore insecure
than southern India.
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Vulnerability profile for Ethiopia
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Adaptation to Climate Change for Agricultural
Productivity

• Supporting developing country natural resource
  managers and scientists to help integrate the
  potential impact of climate change in their area
  of work and link with the national policy
  community

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Land use change and forestry

• Recognising the positive synergy that can be
  gained by linking carbon sequestration activities
  with adaptation
• UNEP is concentrating on capacity building and
  training of national focal points in developing
  countries for enhancing abilities to contribute
  to the negotiations.

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Glacier Lake Outburst Flooding hazards

• to develop scientific capacity in early warning
  systems
• inventorying of existing glacier lakes along the
  Hindu Kush Himalayas (Nepal and Bhutan),
  monitoring of potential risk lakes for draining
  and preparation of an operational early warning
  mechanism for GLOF hazards

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Public Awareness

• UNEP has been active on awareness and public
  information by bringing out simplified messages
  and versions of scientific reports that
  non-experts can understand while maintaining
  scientific accuracy - IPCC material
• Vital Graphics on Climate Change. targeted for
  trainers and resource persons

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Scientific collaboration

• In partnerships such as IUCN, FAO, and CGIAR
  supporting an enhanced exchange of scientific
  knowledge in the forestry and agricultural sector
• Developing an approach to strengthen the
  science-policy interface by supporting an
  enhanced exchange of scientific knowledge in the
  forestry and agricultural sector pertinent to
  international and national environmental policy
  development in climate change.
• Promoting pilot projects