CELLS

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CELLS

• Chapter 7.1

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CELL BIOLOGISTS

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Dutch lens maker who
  developed the first simple microscope

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CELL BIOLOGISTS

• Robert Hooke - English scientist

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• First coined the word cells
• after
• looking at
• cork.

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CELL BIOLOGISTS

• Matthias Schleiden - German Botanist who studied
  plant cells

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CELL BIOLOGISTS

• Theodor Schwann - German Zoologist - studied
  animal cells

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CELL BIOLOGISTS

• Rudolf Virchow
• German physician
• New cells could be produced only from the
  division of existing cells

rudolfvirchow.net/
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CELL THEORY1. All living things are made of
cells
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• The cell is the basic unit of structure and
  function
• 3. Cells come from other cells

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TYPES OF CELLS

• Prokaryotic - cells with no nucleus or membrane
  bound organelles
• very simple
• cells
• bacteria, some
• blue-green
• algae

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• Eukaryotic - cells with a nucleus and membrane
  bound organelles
• complex cells
• animal, plant, fungi,
• protist

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Unicellular Organisms

• ONE- celled organisms which
• Grow
• Respond to environment
• Transform energy
• Reproduce
• Ex Volvox aureus

www.volvoxaureus.com/volvox.htm
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Multicellular Organism

• Organisms made up of MANY cells
• Different kinds of cells are SPECIALIZED to
  perform particular functions within the organism
• Ex muscles cells, nerve cells, guard cells, red
  blood cells

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Typical Cell?
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Levels of Organization

• Observed in Multicellular Organisms
• Cells- of similar type work together to form?
• Tissues- grouped together to form ?
• Organs- work together as part of
• Organ System- group of organs working together to
  perform a specific function
• Organism- all systems working together

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CELL STRUCTUREPlasma Membrane

• selectively permeable
• separates cell from its environment
• composed of lipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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CELL STRUCTURENucleus

• surrounded by nuclear envelope
• contains genetic information (chromosomes),
• brain of the cell

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Nucleus
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Nucleolus

• Inside the nucleus
• Makes ribosomes

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CELL STRUCTURECytoplasm

• Composed mostly of water
• Has salts, sugars, proteins and other materials
  suspended in it
• Colloid consistency

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CELL STRUCTURESOrganelles - Mitochondria

• Powerhouse of the
• cell
• Contains its own DNA
• Can reproduce when cell energy demands
• increase
• Converts glucose to
• other energy forms

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The Mighty
Mitochondria
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Chloroplast

• Only in plant, algae,
• and some bacterial
• cells
• Convert the suns energy to glucose
• Composed of solar collectors called grana
• Contain chlorophyll pigment

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Chloroplast
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Ribosomes

• Protein manufacturing site
• Young cells have many more than older cells

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Network of tubes
• that transport
• materials within
• the cell and to the
• cell surface for
• release
• smooth and rough e.r.

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Smooth ER

• Manufactures and transports lipids within the cell

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Rough E.R.

• Rough in appearance due to presence of ribosomes
• Manufactures and transports proteins to cell
  surface for release

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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Golgi Apparatus

• Packages and
• processes cellular materials and prepares them
  for shipment

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Golgi Apparatus
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Golgi Apparatus
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Lysosome

• Site of cell digestion
• Contains digestive enzymes
• Called suicide
• sacs
• Responsible for
• cell destruction

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Vacuole

• Used by cells to store nutrients, wastes, and
  cellular products water storage

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Vacuoles
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Vesicles

• Used by cells to temporarily store cellular
  products (such as hormones and enzymes) before
  release from the cell

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Centrioles

• Found only in animal
• cells
• Used during cellular reproduction to help
  separate chromosomes evenly

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Cytoskeleton

• Protein filaments
• which act as scaffolding to
• support cellular components
• Major component of cilia and flagella

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Cilia and Flagella

• Structures used for locomotion of organism or
  transportation of materials

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Plastids

• Found only in plant cells
• Used to store plant materials
• Chromoplasts - color
• Chloroplasts
• chlorophyll
• Leucoplasts starch

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Cell Wall

• Found in plants, fungi, and some bacteria
• NOT found in animal cells
• Made of cellulose, chitin or some other
  carbohydrate
• Rigid, provide strength, support, protection
• Like armor for the plant cell

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Cell Wall