Week One Agenda

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Week One Agenda

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Week One Agenda Announcements Course objective Review current week information Review terms Week One Network Terms ARP protocol: What is my MAC address? – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Week One Agenda

1
Week One Agenda

Announcements
Course objective
Review current week information
Review terms

2
Week One

Announcements
ITEC275 Instructor for Network Design
Professor Bob DAndrea
Home phone number 614.898.0457
Cell phone number 614.519.5853
dandrea_at_franklin.edu
Program Chair of Information and Technology
Mr. Todd Whittaker
Phone 614.947.6110
whittakt_at_franklin.edu

3
Week One

Announcements
Submit all assignments in drop box. In addition,
send an email notification to me that your
assignment is ready to be graded.
The mid-term will be administered by the Student
Learning Center, June 13 through 18. The exam is
electronic.
April 16, 2011 vacation
Memorial Day April 30 (No School)
Lab Assignment
Individually
Class

4
Week One

Announcements
Email a notification when an assignment is
completed and ready to be graded. The Subject
line of your email notification should be one of
the following formats
1. Email format for completed lab assignments
ltUser namegt ltSection Number/NDgt ltAssign 1-3gt
Example dandrear V1FF/ND Assign. 1-3
2. Email format for questions
ltUser namegt ltSection Number/NDgt ltQuestiongt
Example dandrear V1FF/ND Question

5
Week One

Announcements
Instructor commitment
Respond daily to student emails.
Post exam grades and lab assignments as quickly
as possible in the official electronic grade
book.
Post student mid-term and final exam status on
the Announcement page as soon after each exam has
been received from the Student Learning Center
(SLC).

6
Week One

Announcements
Weekly Recorded Power Point Presentations
http//cs.franklin.edu/dandrear/itec275/Summer_20
11_Network_Design_Presentations
Power Point file naming convention and format
Example Week_One_Net_Design.pptx
Week_One_Net_Design_ppt.ppt
Weekly Power Point files will be available on
Monday mornings the day of class for printing.

7
Week One

Course Objective
This course was developed to parallel the
Certified Design Professional (CCDP)
certification.
Build upon the base level of the CCNA knowledge
and experience.
Design simple routed LAN, routed WAN, and
switched LAN and ATM networks.
Use Network-layer lists.
Filter with access lists.
Use and propagate VLAN.
Evaluate existing network components.

8
Week One

History of Cisco
Len and Sandy Bosack, 1980s
Worked in different departments at Stanford
University. They were having trouble getting
their individual systems to communicate.
They built a gateway server that made it easier
for their disparate computers to communicate
using the IP protocol.

9
Week One

Internetworking Basics
Networks and networking have grown exponentially
over the last 30 years. This technology has
evolved at light speed just to keep up with the
huge increases in basic mission-critical user
needs. Currently, there is a basic need to use
VoIP, increase transmission speeds, and combine
voice, data, and video for medium and enterprise
sized networks. This will involve the design of
new and/or the re-design of existing networks.

10
Week One

Internetworking Basics
What is a network?
It is where data is sent and received via cables
(e.g., telephone lines or fiber optics ) or
wireless relay systems. Networks contain a
variety of hardware devices and software
implementations to accomplish transmitting data.
A network makes it possible for people or
devices to communicate with each other near and
far from each other.

11
Week One

Internetworking Basics
Internetwork is a collection of individual
networks connected by networking devices that
function as a single large network
Protocol is a set of rules computers follow in
order to communicate with each other.
Frame is a set of data that includes addressing
and control information and is transmitted and
received between network devices.

12
Week One

Internetworking Basics
Best-effort delivery means that the protocol
will not check to see whether the data was
delivered intact.
Multiplexing allows many applications to use the
same physical connection.
Encapsulation is the technique used by layered
protocols in which a layer adds header
information to the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) from
the layer above.

13
Week One

Internetworking Basics
Network segmentation is the breaking up of a
large network into smaller networks. Routers,
switches, and bridges are used to create network
segmentation.
Routers are used to connect networks together
and route packets of data from one network to
another. By default, routers break up broadcast
domains.

14
Week One

Internetworking Basics
Switch is a device responsible for multiple
functions such as filtering, flooding, and
sending frames. It works using the destination
address of individual frames. By default,
switches break up collision domains.
Bridge is a device for connecting two segments
of a network and transmitting packets between
them. Both segments must use identical protocols
to communicate. Their purpose is to filter, send,
or flood any incoming frame, based on the MAC
address of that particular frame.

15
Week One

Internetworking Basics
Broadcast domain is a group of devices receiving
broadcast frames initiating from any device
within the group. Because they do not forward
broadcast frames, broadcast domains are generally
surrounded by routers.
Collision domain is the network area in Ethernet
over which frames that have collided will spread.
Collisions are propagated by hubs and repeaters,
but not by LAN switches, routers, or bridges.

16
Week One

Internetworking Basics
What is a collision?
The effect of two nodes sending transmissions
simultaneously in Ethernet. When they meet on the
physical media, the frames from each node colide
and are damaged.

17
Week One

Internetworking Models
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference
model was introduced in the late 1970s. Created
by the International Organization for
Standardization (IOS).
Why was standardization needed?
This standard was created to allow computing
installations to incorporate multiple vendor
hardware and software products within their
operation. Prior to this standardization,
computers could only communicate with computers
from the same manufacturer.

18
Week One

Layered Approach
A reference model is a conceptual blueprint of
how communications should take place. It
addresses all the processes required for
effective communication and divides these
processes into logical groupings called layers.
Designs such as the OSI Model, are known as
layered architecture.
Example Start up company. Identify the tasks
involved. Group similar tasks into departments.
These departments are a metaphor for the layers
in this scenario.

19
Week One

Layered Approach
Similarly, software developers can use a
reference model to understand computer
communication processes and see what types of
functions need to be accomplished on any one
layer. If they are developing a protocol for a
certain layer, they only want to focus themselves
with this specific layers functions, not those of
any other layer. Another layer and protocol will
handle the other functions.

20
Week One

Layered Approach
Advantages of using the OSI layered model are
Allows multiple-vendor development through
standardization of network components.
Allows various types of network hardware and
software to communicate.
Allows changes in one layer from affecting other
layers, so it doesnt hamper development.

21
Week One

OSI Model
The top three layers define how the applications
within the end stations will communicate with
each other and with users. The bottom four layers
define how data is transmitted end-to-end.
Application provides a user interface
Presentation presents data and handles
encryption
Session keeps different applications data
separate.
Transport provides reliable or unreliable
delivery.
Network provides logical addressing
Data Link provides access to media using MAC
address
Physical moves bits between devices, specifies
voltage, wire speed, and pin-out of cables.

22
Week One

OSI Model
Application File transfer, print, database,
and application
Presentation Data encryption, compression, and
translation services
Session Dialog control
Transport End-to-end connection
Network Routing of packets
Data Link - Movement of frames
Physical Physical topology

23
Week One

OSI Model
Network devices that operate at all seven layers
of the OSI model include
Network management stations
Web servers
Gateways
Network hosts

24
Week One

OSI Model
Flow control is implemented at the transport
layer to prevent the receiving host buffers from
being overflowed by the sending host. This is an
event that can result in data loss. Reliable data
transport employs a connection-oriented
communications session between systems, and the
protocols involved ensure that the following is
achieved
The segment delivered are acknowledged back to
the sender upon their reception.
Any segments not acknowledged are retransmitted.
Segments are sequenced back into proper order
upon arrival at their destination.
A manageable data flow is maintained in order to
avoid congestion overloading, and data loss.

25
Week One

OSI Model
Connection-Oriented communications is a
transport operation. One device first establishes
a connection-oriented session with its peer
system. This is called three-way handshake. Data
is then transferred, and when finished, a call
termination takes place to tear down the virtual
circuit.

26
Week One

OSI Model
Connection-oriented communications three-way
hand shake.
Synchronize -gt
Negotiate connection lt-gt
Synchronize lt-
Acknowledge -gt
Connection established
Data transfer (send segments) lt-gt

27
Week One

OSI Model
Buffer is used when a machine receives a flood
of datagram's to quickly for a process to handle.
Buffering can only solve the problem temporarily
if the burst is small. If the flood of datagram's
is too intense and the capacity is exhausted, it
will discard any additional datagram's that
arrive.

28
Week One

OSI Model
Windowing is a flow control (Transport layer)
method used with TCP at the Transport layer.
Windows are used to control the amount in
outstanding, unacknowledged data segments.
The data and route update packets are used at
the Network layer. The data packet to transport
user data through the internetwork. Route update
packets are used to update neighboring routers
about the networks connected to all routers
within the internetwork.

29
Week One

OSI Model
Protocols that send route update packets are
called routing protocols examples of some common
ones are RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF.
Network addresses are protocol specific network
addresses. A router must maintain a routing table
for individual routing protocols because each
routing protocol keeps track of a network with a
different addressing scheme.

30
Week One

OSI Model
Interface is the exit interface a packet will
take when designated for a specific network.

31
Week One

OSI Model
Metric is the distance to the remote network.
Different routing protocols use different ways of
computing this distance.
Hop count is the number of routers a packet
passes through en-route to a remote network.

32
Week One

OSI Model
The Media Access Control (MAC) defines how
packets are placed on the media. Contention media
access is first come/first served access where
everyone shares the same bandwidth. MAC is a Data
Link layer function.
Logical Link Control (LLC) is a sub-layer
responsible for identifying Network layer
protocols and then encapsulating them. An LLC
header tells the Data Link layer what to do with
a packet once the frame is received.

33
Week One

TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model is basically a condensed
version of the OSI model. It is composed of four
layers.
Process/Application is the integration of the
first three layers of the OSI Model. The
Presentation/Application layer defines protocols
for node-to-node application communication and
also controls user-interface specifications.

34
Week One

TCP/IP Model
Host-to-Host parallels the Transport layer ,
defining protocols for setting up the level of
transmission service for applications. Issues are
addressed like reliable end-to-end communication
and ensuring the error-free delivery of data. It
handles packet sequencing and maintains data
integrity. In summary, this layer shields the
upper three layers from the Internet layer.

35
Week One

TCP/IP Model
Internet layer exists for routing, and providing
a single network interface to the upper layers.
Network Access bottom layer that handles similar
functions as the Data Link and Physical layers.
It provides media access.

36
Week One

Internetwork Devices
Hubs are really multiple port repeater found at
the Physical layer. A repeater receives a digital
signal and preamplifiers or regenerates that
signal, and then forwards the digital signal out
all active ports without looking at any data.
Physical layer function
The switches and bridges work at the Data Link
layer and filter the network using hardware (MAC)
addresses.

37
Week One

Ethernet Networking
Ethernet is a contention media access method
that allows all hosts on a network to share the
same bandwidth of a link. Ethernet is popular
because its readily scalable, meaning its
comparatively easy to integrate new technologies,
like FastEthernet and Gigabit Ethernet, into an
existing network infrastructure.
Ethernet networking uses Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD).

38
Week One

Ethernet Networking
CSMA/CD is a protocol that helps devices share
the bandwidth evenly without having two devices
transmit at the same time on the network medium.
This protocol was created to overcome the problem
of those collisions that occur when packets are
transmitted simultaneously from different nodes.

39
Week One

Ethernet Networking
A good collision management protocol is needed
like CSMA/CD because when a node transmits in a
network, all other nodes on the network receive
and examine that transmission. Only bridges and
routers can effectively prevent a transmission
from propagating throughout the entire network.

40
Week One Review

Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet
Half duplex uses only one wire pair with a
signal running in both directions on the wire.
Half duplex Ethernet typically 10BaseT.
Full-duplex uses two pairs of wires. It uses a
point-to-point connection between the transmitter
of the transmitting device and the receive of the
receiving device. There are no collisions to
worry about because now its like a freeway with
multiple lanes instead of the single-lane road
provided by half-duplex.

41
Week One

Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet
Typical speeds are 10Mbps, 100Mbps, and 200Mbps
for FastEthernet. Full-duplex Ethernet can be
used in three situations
With a connection from a switch to a host.
With a connection from a switch to a switch.
With a connection from a host to a host using a
crossover cable.

42
Week One

Ethernet at the Data Link Layer
Ethernet at the Data Link layer is responsible
for Ethernet addressing, framing packets
received from the Network layer and preparing
them for transmission on the local network
through the Ethernet contention media access
method.

43
Week One

Ethernet at the Data Link Layer
There are four different types of Ethernet frames
available
Ethernet_II
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.2
SNAP

44
Week One

Ethernet at the Data Link Layer
Ethernet addressing uses the Media Access
Control (MAC) burned into each and every Ethernet
Network Interface Card (NIC). The MAC, or
hardware address, is a 48 bit address written in
a hexadecimal format.

45
Week One

Ethernet at the Physical Layer
Ethernet was first implemented by a group called
DIX (Digital, Intel, and Xerox). They created and
implemented the first Ethernet LAN specification,
which the IEEE used to create the IEEE 802.3
Committee. This was a 10Mbps network that ran on
coax, twisted-pair, and fiber physical media.
The IEEE extended the 802.3 to two new
committees known as 802-3U (FastEthernet) and
802.3Z (Gigabit Ethernet).

46
Week One

Ethernet Cabling
Straight-Through Cable
This type of Ethernet cable is used to connect
Host to switch or hub (h/s lt--gt host)
Router to switch or hub (h/s lt--gt router)
Crossover Cable
This type of Ethernet cable is used to connect
Switch to switch (h/s lt--gt h/s)
Hub to hub
Host to host

47
Week One

Ethernet Cabling
Rolled Cable
A rolled Ethernet cable can be used to connect a
host to a router console serial communication
(com) port.
(host lt--gt Router/Switch)

48
Week One

Data Encapsulation
Encapsulation is a technique used by layered
protocols in which a layer adds header
information to the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) from
the layer above.

49
Week One

Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport PDU (Segment) TCP header/Data
Network PDU (Packet) IP header/Data
Data Link PDU (Frame)
LLC header/Data/FCS
MAC header/Data/FCS
Physical PDU (Bits) 0101110101010101

50
Week One

Serial Transmission
Wide area network (WAN) services are typically
dedicated leased lines using High-Level Data Link
Control , Point-to-Point (PPP), Integrated
Services Digital Network (ISDN), and Frame Relay.
Typical speeds run at 2400bps to 1.544 Mbps
(T-1).
WAN serial connectors use serial transmission,
which is one bit at a time, over a single
channel. Parallel transmission sends at least 8
bits at a time.

51
Week One

Parallel Transmission
Parallel transmission sends at least 8 bits at a
time.

52
Week One

Data Terminal Equipment and Data Communication
Equipment
What is a DTE and DCE?
DTE router interface and they connect into
DCE. A channel service unit/data service unit
(CSU/DSU). The CSU/DSU then plugs into a
demarcation location (demarc) and is the service
providers last responsibility. The demarc is
usually an RJ-45 female connector located near
your equipment.

53
Week One

Data Terminal Equipment and Data Communication
Equipment
A DCE supplies the physical connection to the
network, forwards traffic, and provides a
clocking signal to synchronize data transmission
between DTE and DCE devices.

54
Week One

Routing Protocols
Administrative distance (AD) is used to rate the
trustworthiness of routing information received
on a router from a neighboring router. AD values
range from 0 to 255, where 0 is the most trusted
and 255 means no traffic will pass via this
route.

55
Week One

Routing Protocols
Route Source Default AD
Connected interface 0
Static route 1
EIGRP (Cisco) 90
IGRP (Cisco) 100
OSPF 110
RIP 120
External EIGRP 170

56
Week One

Cisco Three Layer Hierarchical Model
A hierarchy helps us to understand where things
belong, how things fit together, and what
functions go where. It brings order and
understandability to otherwise complex
situations.
Ciscos network design model represents the
following three layers
Core Layer
Distribution Layer
Access Layer

57
Week One

Cisco Three Layer Hierarchical Model
The core layer is responsible for transporting
large amounts of traffic both reliably and
quickly. The main purpose of the networks core
layer is the switch traffic as fast as possible.
The traffic transported across the core is common
for a majority of users.
If there is a failure at the core layer, every
user can be affected. Fault tolerance at this
layer is a critical issue.

58
Week One

Cisco Three Layer Hierarchical Model
The core layer must be concerned about high
levels of traffic, and the speed and latency of
the traffic.
Things you dont want to do.
Do anything to slow down traffic. This includes
adding access hosts, routing between virtual
local networks (VLANs), and packet filtering.
Dont support workgroup access at this level.
Avoid expanding the core when the internetwork
grows (i.e., adding routers).

59
Week One

Cisco Three Layer Hierarchical Model
The core layer must perform at peak level of
efficiency and speed. If performance becomes an
issue in the core, give preference to upgrades
over expansion.

60
Week One

Core Layer Design Recommendations
Design the core for high reliability.
Design for speed as a major consideration.
Select routing protocols with low convergence
times.

61
Week One

Cisco Three Layer Hierarchical Model
The distribution layer is sometimes referred to
as the workgroup layer and is the communication
point between the access layer and the core. The
primary function of the distribution layer are to
provide routing, filtering, and WAN access and
to determine how packets can access the core.

62
Week One

Cisco Three Layer Hierarchical Model
Distribution Recommendations
Implement tools such as access lists, packet
filtering, and queuing.
Implementation of security and network
policies, including address translation and
firewalls.
Redistribution between routing protocols,
including static routing.
Routing between VLANs and other workgroup
support functions

63
Week One

Cisco Three Layer Hierarchical Model
Distribution Recommendations
Definitions of broadcast and multicast
domains.

64
Week One

Cisco Three Layer Hierarchical Model
The access layer controls user and workgroup
access to internetwork resources. The access
layer is sometimes referred to as the desktop
layer. The network resources most users will be
available locally.
Ethernet switching and static routing are
frequently seen in the access layer.

65
Week One