Reproduction

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Reproduction

• How do we get more plants or animals?

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I. Asexual Reproduction (clones)

• a. tip/stem layering come in contact with
  ground, send down roots.
• b. cuttings piece of a plant in H2O until
  rooted (root powder helps)

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Asexual Reproduction (clones)

• c. grafting attach a stem/twig of a plant to
  a different plant.  
• d. budding similar to grafting

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Asexual Reproduction (clones)

• e. runners strawberry (underground shoots)
• f. bulb (onion and tulips) corm duplication
  (gladiolas)

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II. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

• a.  Flower parts
•    i.      Sepal (all calyx) Green leaf
  like.Protect flower prior to opening
•      ii.      Petals (all corolla)Protect
  reproductive parts.Attract pollinators

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iii. Stamen (? male parts)

• 1.  pollencontains sperm
• 2.  antherproduces pollen
• 3.  filamentholds anther up to aid in
  pollination

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Pollen
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iv. Pistil (? female parts)

• 1.  stigmapollen sticks to it.
• 2.  stylesupports stigmaaids pollination
• 3.  ovarycreates eggs, becomes fruit
• 4.  Ovules turn into seeds if fertilized

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•  V.      ReceptaclePoint where flower joins stem

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b. Flower types

• i.      PerfectBoth male and female parts
• ii.      ImperfectMale or Female parts
•  iii.      CompleteAll flower parts
• iv.      IncompleteMissing one or more parts.

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c. Pollination

• a.  Pollination pollen is transferred from an
  anther to a stigma
•       i.      Self-pollination uses own pollen
•     ii.      Cross-pollinationpollen from a
  different plant

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Self Pollination
Cross Pollination
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Mini Quiz
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pistil
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Pollinators

• 1.  Insects
• 2.  Rain
• 3. Mammals

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MINI QUIZ Label this flower diagram from memory
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d. Fertilization union of egg and sperm

• i.      Pollen lands on stigma
• ii.      pollen tube grows into an ovule
• iii.      sperm is delivered to an egg

Pollination
Fertilization
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e. Flower ? Fruit

• i.      ovary ripens into a fruit
• ii.      fruits are filled with seeds

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f. Seed Dispersal

• i.   Wind, ex. Maple seeds
• ii.  Animal (sticky), ex. burrs
• iii.  Mechanical, pop out, beans
• iv.  Water, coconut
• v.   Birds, ex. MulberrySome seeds must pass
  through a bird or will not germinate

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• III.   Germination when a seed begins to grow
• a.  Seeds potential
  plants

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b. Requirements for Germination

• i.      Water
• ii.      Correct Temperature
• iii.      Sometimes Light

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IV. Life Spans of plants

• a.  Annual only one year
•             i.      Ex. Beans, marigolds, etc.
• b.  Biennial two years, first grow a deep
  root, then grow a big top
•             i.      Ex. Beet, carrot

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Life Spans of plants

• c.  Perennial many years
• d.  Oldest plant bristlecone pine at 4767
  years old (from a ring sample)

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What processes must occur for a seed to create
more seeds?

• a. 
• b. 
• c.  
• d. 
• e. 
• f.    
• g. 
• h. 
• i.     
• j.     

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Lab 56
epicotyl
micropyle
hilum
cotyledon
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COTYLEDON
HYPOCOTYL
EPICOTYL
RADICAL
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Animal Reproduction All SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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I. Female Human Anatomy

• a.  Female reproductive organ
• b. Job nurture eggs, produce estrogen and
  progesterone, female hormones.
• c.  Location lower abdomen

Ovary
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II. The egg (haploid 23 chromosomes)

• a.  When are eggs made? Prior to birth in the
  female fetus
• b. When is an egg released (ovulation)? Once
  every 28 days
• c.  How long does an egg live?
• 72 hours, only 24 once it reaches the oviduct
  (http//biology.clemson.edu/biolab/ovum.html )

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III. Anatomy

• i.      Ovary 1.5 inch sphere
• ii.      Oviduct (Fallopian Tube) Tubes from
  near ovary into the uterus
• iii.      Uterus Pear shaped organ, womb
• 1.  Endometrium inner
  lining of the uterus

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•  iv.  Cervix opening at the base of the
  uterus, dilates open during delivery of a baby.
• v. Vagina tube to the outside of the body

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• Fertilization in sea urchin video
• http//www.exploratorium.edu/imaging_station/galle
  ry.php?AssetspeciesspecificfertCategoryfertiliz
  ationTypevideo

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IV. Journey of the egg fertilization ? embryo

• a.  Trace the path of the egg from ovulation
  (release) to implantation (pregnancy)
•      i.      Captured by fimbrae of oviduct
•      ii.      Travel down oviduct, fertilized by
  sperm
•     iii.      Growing ball of cells implanted in
  uterus wall

The egg/zygotes journey takes 3-5 days
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b. Trace the path of the fetus out of the
uterus (womb)

• i.      Through dilated cervix
• ii.      Out through vagina, birth canal

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c. How does urine leave the body?

• Through the urethra,
• above vaginal opening.

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VII. Secondary Sex Characteristics

• a.  Breasts enlarge
• b.  Body contours change
• c.   Genitals develop
• d.  Pubic and armpit hair
• e.  Menarche 1st menstruation

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• VIII.  Hormones ?
• Estrogen and _Progesterone_ are made in the
  _Ovary_

Estrogen and Progesterone
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IX. Sexual Maturity

• Menarche the first period
• Menopause periods stop
• i. Symptoms hot flashes, night sweats, mood
  swings.
• ii. Treatments hormone
  replacement

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X. Male Human Anatomy

• a.  Male reproductive organ _____________
• b.  Job Produce sperm and testosterone
• c.   Location In a sack (scrotum) between legs

testes
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XI. The sperm (haploid 23 chromosomes)

• a.  Where are sperm made? Seminiferous tubules
  in the teste
• b.  How are sperm released (ejaculation)?
  Through the vas deferens and out the urethra
• c.   How long does sperm live? 72 hours out of
  the body. (http//www.raysahelian.com/sperm.html)
  
•  
• d.  Where would a sperm meet an egg?
• In the oviduct of the female

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XII. Anatomy

• a.  Testis 1.5 inch oval in the scrotum
•           i.      Seminiferous tubules
  Site of spermatogenesis
  (sperm making)
• b.  Epididymis Store nurture sperm
• c.   Vas deferens long tube to urethra

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• d.  Prostate Produces semen (lubricant)
• e.  Seminal vesicle Produces semen (lubricant)
• f.   Bulbourethral gland (Cowpers gland)
  Produces semen (lubricant)

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• g.  Urethra Common tube for semen and urine
• h.  Penis External male organ
• i.   Prepuce (foreskin) Often removed

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XIII. Sperm vs. Semen

• Sperm are the reproductive cells
• Semen consists of the sperm cells, nourishing
  fluids, and lubricating fluids from Cowpers,
  Seminal, and Prostate Glands

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XIV. What is circumcision?

• Removal of the foreskin (prepuce)

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• XV.  Trace the path of the sperm from the
  epididymis out of the body (ejaculation)  
• Epididymis ? Vas deferens ? fluid from
  prostate, Cowpers, and Seminal vesicle ? down
  urethra ? out of body

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XVI. Secondary Sex Characteristics

• a.  Produce sperm
• b.  Lowered voice
• c.   Pubic and armpit hair
• d.  Body contours change
• e.  Genitals develop
• f.     Some research indicates testosterone ?
  hair loss

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• XVII.   Hormone - _Testosterone_ made in the
  __Testes__

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XVIII. Sexual Maturity

• Sperm is made from puberty to death

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Name These Parts MINI QUIZ
3.

• 1.

4.
5.
2.
6.
7.

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Lab 58
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Lab 58
Epididymis
Seminiferous Tubules
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MINI QUIZ Male Structures

• 1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Menstrual Cycle

• I.    Animals having a menstrual cycle?
• a.  Humans
• b.  Some other primates

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II. Estrous Cycle

• a.  Other mammals
• b.  Females become receptive to mating
  (heat or rut)
• c.   Sex hormone levels rise
• d.  Ovulation may occur spontaneously in some
  species (e.g. cow), while in others it is induced
  by copulation (e.g. cat). If there is no
  copulation in an induced ovulator, estrus may
  continue for many days, followed by interestrus,
  and a reentry into the estrus phase until
  copulation and ovulation occur.
  (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrus)

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III. Menstruation (destructive phase)

• DAYS 1-5 The Period
• a.  Corpus luteum dies, uterus
  lining is shed
• b.  Progesterone levels
  decrease
• c.   FSH (Follicle Stimulating
  Hormone) levels rise, lead to maturing
  follicle

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IV. Follicle Stage (proliferative phase)

• DAYS 6-14
• a.  FSH levels continue to rise
• b.  Several follicles develop, only one
  will ovulate
• c.   Follicle secretes estrogen
• d.  Estrogen ? more LH being made
• e.  Uterus lining thickens
• f.    LH (Lutenizing Hormone) peaking triggers
  ovulation

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V. Corpus Luteum Stage (secretory phase)

• DAYS 14-28
• a.  Ruptured follicle ? corpus luteum
• b.  Corpus luteum makes progesterone ?
  thicker endometrium
• c.   High levels of progesterone inhibits
  FSH production

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Menstrual Cycle
Lutenizing Hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone

• http//anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f0
  4/lecture.f04/Female04/cycle.jpg

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VI. Summarize the events of the menstrual cycle
in your own words in a brief paragraph
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• VII.   Birth Control Pills High levels of
  progesterone (or a related hormone) trick body
  into thinking it is pregnant ? NO
  OVULATION
• How do you still menstruate?
• 7 placebo pills a month

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Development SHOW THE DEVELOPMENT PPT
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• I.   Haploid Gametes
•       i.      Sperm (_23_ chromosomes)
•       ii.      Egg (___23_ chromosomes)
•       iii.      Combine to form a diploid
  (__46__ chromosomes) ZYGOTE!

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II. Implantation

• i.      Embedded in lining of uterus
• ii.      Detection makes Human Chorionic
  Gonadotrophin (HCG) pregnancy tests detect this.
• iii.      Ectopic pregnancy when
  the ball implants out of the uterus

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III. Embryo (Weeks 3-9)

• i.      Major systems develop
• ii.      Human, Fish, insect embryos look very
  similar
• iii.      Very susceptible to damage from
  chemicals (teratogens)

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IV. Fetus (Weeks 9-38)

• i.      Primarily just grows in size
• ii.      Less susceptible to chemicals
• iii.      Triggers its own delivery

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• V.   Most Dangerous Period for Weeks 1-6 (may
  not know pregnant)

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VI. Pregnancy and Birth

• Placentamaterials transported from mom to baby
• Umbilical cordfetal blood vessels
• Changes in Mom
• 1. Emotional high progesterone
  levels
• 2. Frequent urination bladder squished
  by uterus

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iv. Labor

1. Uterus triggered by oxytocin begins to
   contract
2. Amniotic sac tears, releasing water
3. Cervixdilates, to allow baby to get through
4. Drugs Epidural can alleviate some pain

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Steps in Birth
The fontanels -- soft spots --on his head allow
it to mold to the shape of this narrow passage.
Your baby's head "crowns" when the widest part of
it is at the vaginal opening.
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V. Baby Position

1. 99 lengthwise
2. Breech facing horizontal
3. Cesarean birth surgical delivery

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VI. Abrupt Changes

1. BreatheOur first test drive of the new lungs
2. Digestive SystemLose rectal mucus plug and
   defecate for the first time
3. Temperature98.6o F ? 70oF Room Temp

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VII. Lactation

• Prolactin (hormone) starts lactation
• First real milk 2 days after birth

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3. Why breast feed

1. Antibodies from mom to baby
2. Right combination of nutrients
3. Price is rightFree
4. Free birth control for many women