REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY: THE JEFFERSONIAN VISION

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REPUBLICAN ASCENDANCY THE JEFFERSONIAN VISION

• America Past and Present
• Chapter 8

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Republican Identities in a New Republic

• An age of rapid population growth
• 7.2 million in 1810 two million more than 1800
• 20 black slaves
• children under 16 the largest single group
• Strong regional identities
• Early secession movements threaten national unity

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North America in 1800
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Westward the Course of Empire

• Intense migration to West after 1790
• New States
• Kentucky--1792
• Tennessee--1796
• Ohio--1803
• Western regional culture rootless, optimistic

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Native American Resistance

• Western settlers compete for Indian land
• Indians resist
• Tecumseh leads Shawnees, defeated
• Creeks defeated
• Settlers reject Indian-White coexistence

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Commercial Life in the Cities

• Economy based on agriculture and trade
• American shipping prospers 1793-1805
• Cities associated with international trade,
  otherwise marginal role in national life
• Industrialization and mechanization just
  beginning to frighten skilled craftsmen

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Jefferson as President

• Jefferson personifies Republicanisms
  contradictions
• Despises ceremonies and formality
• Dedicated to intellectual pursuits
• A politician to the core
• Success depends on cooperation with Congress

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Jeffersonian Reforms

• Priority to cutting federal debt, taxes
• Federal expenses trimmed by cutting military
• Reduction of the army removes threat to
  Republican government
• Competent bureaucrats retained regardless of
  party
• Federalists retire from public life
• Ambitious Federalists become Republicans

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The Louisiana Purchase

• 1801--France buys Louisiana from Spain
• 1803--Jefferson sends a mission to France to buy
  New Orleans
• Napoleon offers to sell all of Louisiana for 15
  million
• Constitution vague on Congressional authority to
  purchase
• Purchase departs from Republican principle of
  strict separation

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The Louisiana Purchase (2)

• Louisiana inhabitants French Spanish
• Jefferson denies them self-rule
• Louisiana governed from Washington
• Another Jeffersonian departure from Republicanism

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The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Lewis and Clark Expedition commissioned prior to
  purchase of Louisiana
• Expedition left St. Louis May 1804 and reached
  the Pacific Ocean November 1805
• Report on Louisianas economic promise confirms
  Jefferson's desire to purchase

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The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and
Clark
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Conflict With the Barbary States

• North African states demand tribute from ships
  sailing in Mediterranean
• Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to negotiate
  through the mouth of a cannon
• U.S. cannot defeat the Barbary States
• Action induces respect for U.S. rights

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The Barbary States
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Jeffersons Critics

• Dispute over federal court system
• Conflicts between Republicans
• Sectional dispute over the slave trade

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Attack on the Judges Judiciary Act

• Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new circuit courts
  filled with loyal Federalists
• 1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary Act of 1801
  to abolish courts
• Federalists charge violation of judges
  Constitutional right of tenure

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Attack on the Judges Marbury v. Madison

• Marbury v. Madison (1803) rules Judiciary Act of
  1789 unconstitutional
• Federalist Marbury denied his judgeship
• Republicans claim victory
• Chief Justice John Marshall ensures Federalist
  influence through judicial review

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Attack on the Judges Impeachments

• 1803--Federalist John Pickering impeached,
  removed for alcoholism, insanity
• Republicans begin fearing the destruction of an
  independent judiciary
• Jefferson exacerbates fears by seeking to impeach
  Federalist Samuel Chase
• Republican Senate refuses to convict

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Politics of DesperationTertium Quids

• "Tertium Quids" claim pure Republicanism
• Attack Jefferson as sacrificing virtue for
  pragmatism

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Politics of DesperationThe Yazoo Controversy

• Yazoo controversy
• fraudulent land case in Georgia
• Jefferson attempts to settle by providing land to
  innocent parties
• Quids complain settlement condones fraud
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
• Marshall court upholds Jeffersons settlement
• court may nullify unconstitutional state laws

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Murder and Conspiracy The Curious Career of
Aaron Burr

• Vice-President Aaron Burr breaks with Jefferson
• 1804--Burr seeks Federalist support in 1804 New
  York governors race
• Alexander Hamilton blocks Burrs efforts
• Burr kills Hamilton in a duel

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The Burr Conspiracy

• Burr flees West after Hamilton duel
• Schemes to invade Spanish territory
• Burr arrested, tried for treason
• John Marshall acquits on Constitutional grounds
  of insufficient evidence
• Precedent makes it difficult for presidents to
  use charge of treason as a political tool

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The Slave Trade

• Congress prohibits slave trade after 1808
• Northern Republicans call for emancipation of any
  black smuggled into the U.S.
• Southern Republicans win passage of law to hand
  such persons over to state authorities

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Embarrassments Overseas

• 1803--England and France resume war
• American ships subject to seizure
• by England through Orders in Council"
• by Napoleon through Berlin, Milan Decrees
• Jefferson refuses war to preserve financial
  reform
• Embargo--Jeffersons alternative to war

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Embargo Divides the Nation

• 1807--Congress prohibits U.S. ships from leaving
  port
• Purpose to win English, French respect for
  American rights
• Embargo unpopular at home
• detailed government oversight of commerce
• army suppresses smuggling
• New England economy damaged

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A New Administration Goes to War

• 1808--James Madison elected President
• 1809--Embargo repealed in favor of
  Non-Intercourse Act
• U.S. will resume trade with England and France on
  promise to cease seizure of U.S. vessels

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A New Administration Goes to War (2)

• Madison reopens English trade on unconfirmed
  promise of British minister
• English reject agreement, seize U.S. ships that
  opened trade with England

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A New Administration Goes to War (2)

• Macons Bill Number Two replaces the
  Non-Intercourse Act
• Trade with both England and France reestablished
• First nation to respect American rights wins halt
  of U.S. trade with the other
• Napoleon promises to observe U.S. rights but
  reneges when trade reopened

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Fumbling Toward Conflict

• Tecumsehs Western campaign seen as supported by
  British
• Congressional War Hawks demand war on England to
  preserve American honor
• June 1, 1812, Madison sends Congress a
  declaration of war
• War aims vague

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The Strange War of 1812Early Course

• Americans unprepared for war
• Congress refuses to raise wartime taxes
• New England refuses to support war effort
• United States Army small
• state militias inadequate
• 1813--U.S. wins control of Great Lakes in Battle
  of Put-In Bay

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Strange War of 1812The Wars Conclusion

• 1814--three-pronged English attack
• campaign from Canada to Hudson River Valley
  stopped at Lake Champlain
• campaign in the Chesapeake results in burning of
  Washington, siege of Baltimore
• campaign for New Orleans thwarted by Andrew
  Jackson, January, 1815
• Treaty of Ghent signed December, 1814

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The War of 1812
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Hartford Convention The Demise of the Federalists

• Federalists convene December, 1814
• Proposed Constitutional changes to lessen power
  of South and West
• Treaty of Ghent, victory of New Orleans makes
  Convention appear disloyal
• Federalist party never recovers

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Treaty of Ghent Ends the War

• Most problems left unaddressed
• Senate unanimously ratifies Treaty of Ghent
• Americans claim success in a "second war of
  independence"

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Republican Legacy

• Founders begin to pass away in 1820s
• Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die July 4,
  1826
• James Madison dies in 1836
• despairs that Declarations principles not yet
  extended to African Americans