Part 2 Principles of Flight

1
Part 2 Principles of Flight Navigation
Chap. 7- Basic Aeronautics Aerodynamics Chap.
8- Aircraft in Motion Chap. 9- Flight Navigation
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7 Basic Aeronautics Aerodynamics
Lift Angle of Attack
Airfoil Design (Sub-sonic)
Daniel Bernoulli

• Dutch physicist, 1738
• Discovered relationship between the pressure and
  speed of fluid in motion
• Bernoullis Principle As the velocity of a
  fluid increases, the pressure decreases

4 Forces of Flight
Aircraft Lift

• Induced Lift (Bernoulli lift)
• Dynamic Lift (relative wind strikes the wing
  underside, further increasing pressure, at
  increasing angles of attack - Newtonian lift)

3
7 Basic Aeronautics Aerodynamics
Wingtip Vortices
Drag (the Killer)
Stall

• Drag (parasitic and induced) limits ability to go
  forward.
• Vortices create drag and wake turbulence.
• Separation occurs at high angle of attack and
  eliminates lift.
• Supersonic flow different than sub-sonic flow
  (air ahead is warned by compressed air at leading
  edge).

4
8 Aircraft in Motion
The Axes of An Aircraft
Lateral Axis
Longitudinal Axis
Vertical Axis
5
8 Aircraft in Motion
Engines

• Reciprocating
• Fuel converted to energy in cylinder

• Rocket
• Fuel Oxygen

• Turbine
• Turbojet
• Turbofan
• Turboprop
• Turboshaft

6
8 Aircraft in Motion
Parts of a Reciprocating Engine

• Propeller Cross-Section
• Airfoil designed to yield constant force.
• Propeller tip speeds approach Mach 1.

7
8 Aircraft in Motion
Fuel System
Gravity Fed System
Force Fed System
8
8 Aircraft in Motion
Aircraft Instruments

• Performance - How aircraft responds to commands
• Control - Current state of aircraft devices

Instrument Types
Engine
Flight
Navigational
Tachometer Oil Pressure Oil Temperature Manifold
Pressure Carburetor Temp. Exhaust Gas Temp.
Airspeed Indicator Altimeter Turn/slip
Indicator Vertical Speed Ind. Attitude Indicator
(Artificial Horizon)
Mag. Compass Heading Ind. VOR Indicator Loran GPS
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9 Flight Navigation
Global Coordinate System
Greenwich, England
Flat maps of a round object

• Prime Meridian (0 longitude) defined to pass
  through Greenwich, England
• International Date Line (180 longitude) on
  opposite side and defines the start of a new day.

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9 Flight Navigation

• Basic Navigation Techniques
• Pilotage - Reference to visible landmarks
• Dead Reckoning - Systematic consideration of all
  factors that could affect the flight

• Sectional Charts
• Relief - Elevations
• Hydrographic - Bodies of water
• Cultural - Cities, towns
• Airports - Civil Military
• Airspace Airways - Navigation

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9 Flight Navigation

• Electronic Navigation Aids
• VORs and similar beacons
• Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)

• Electronic Landing Aids
• Instrument Landing Systems
• Microwave Landing Systems
• Differential GPS Landing Systems